282 PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS. Oct. 16, 
infallible ability of the queen to determine the sex of each egg. 
Probably queens never lay eggs in queen cells, but when a new queen 
is desired the workers build out a queen cell over a cell containing a 
very young worker larva (less than one day old). At any rate, this 
is the general method of procedure, although I have seen a drone- 
laying queen lay eggs in a partly built queen cell. 
When a hive becomes hopelessly queenless it frequently happens 
that certain of the workers begin to lay eggs, which of course pro- 
duce nothing but drones since a worker never copulates with a 
drone. These are called Fertile or Laying Workers, and are far 
more easily produced in the races of bees found in Eastern Asia 
than in the Italian bees. 
The species Apis medlifica is divided into several races, the prin- 
cipal differences being in the coloration of the segments of the 
abdomen, although the instincts differ slightly, especially as regards 
the production of queens. The two races on which experiments on 
parthenogenesis have been performed are the Germans and Italians. 
The former are almost entirely black, while the latter have bands of 
yellow on the abdomen, three to five in number, or occasionally 
six. This difference has been used as a means of determining the 
truth of the parthenogenetic development of the males. 
THE THEORY OF DZIERZON. 
The parthenogenetic development of the male eggs of the bee, 
Apis mellifica, was first observed by Johannes Dzierzon, a priest of 
Karlsmarkt, Germany. He was a bee-keeper of many years’ experi- 
ence and a good observer. The theory was first announced in the 
Lichstadt Bienenzeitung in 1845, and in 1852 was published in book © 
form. His arguments were briefly as follows: 
(1) 7A queen to be of any value must be fertilized by a drone. 
This takes place on the wing, high in the air. Drone eggs are not 
fertilized, but worker and queen eggs always are. ‘‘?In copulation 
the ovaries are not fecundated, but the seminal receptacle, that little 
1 The results of his investigations and his conclusions appeared in the Zzch- 
stadt Bienenzeitung and other journals, most of which were not accessible in 
the preparation of this paper. They were recorded in a very large number of 
short papers and it does not seem desirable to refer to all of them at this time. 
A complete list of the writings of Dzierzon can be found in 47bfiotheca Zoo- 
logica, 11, O. Taschenberg, to which the reader is referred. 
2 The quotations from Dzierzon are translations made by Lowe (1867). 
