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1903.]  PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS. 283 
vesicle or knot which in the young queen is filled with watery 
moisture, is saturated with semen, after which it is more clearly dis- 
tinguishable from its white color.’? The supply of semen is enough 
for a lifetime. No clipped queen can be fertilized, as copulation 
never takes place in the hive. ‘‘ The power of the fertile queen, 
accordingly, to lay worker or drone eggs at pleasure is rendered very 
easy of explanation by the fact that the drone eggs require no 
impregnation, but bring the germ of life with them out of the ovary ; 
whilst otherwise it would be inexplicable and incredible. Thus the 
queen has it in her power to deposit an egg just as it comes from the 
ovary, and as the unfecundated mothers lay it; or by the action of 
the seminal receptacle, past which it must glide, to invest it with a 
higher degree, a higher potency, of fertility and awaken in it the 
germ of a more perfect being, namely a queen or a worker bee.’’ 
(2) The most important point in the theory is that ‘‘ All eggs 
which come to maturity in the two ovaries of the queen bee are only 
of one and the same kind, which when they are laid without coming 
in contact with the male semen become developed into male bees, 
but on the contrary when they are fertilized by male semen produce 
female bees.’’ 
This, as v. Siebold expresses it, ‘‘ strikes at the root of and com- 
‘pletely abolishes the time-honored physiological Jaw that an egg 
which is to be developed into a male or female individual must 
always be fertilized by male semen.’’ D2zierzon refers to Riem, a 
French naturalist, for the fact that fertile workers lay only drone 
eggs (a fact now well known from many sources), and Mme. Jurin 
found on anatomical investigation that these fertile workers were 
queens with the spermatheca aborted and the ovaries not fully 
developed. Dzierzon also asserted that a queen must be able to lay 
either drone or worker eggs af wi//. 
v. Siebold wrote: ‘* We might beforehand expect that by the 
copulation of a unicolorous black-brown German and reddish- 
brown Italian bee the mixture of the two races would only be 
expressed in the hybrid females or workers but not in the drones, 
which are produced from unfecundated eggs. They must remain 
purely German or purely Italian according as the queen selected for 
the production of hybrids belongs to the German or Italian race.’” 
In 1854 Dzierzon wrote: ‘‘ Continued observations of the hybrid 
hives also must be no less adapted to raise the veil, more and more 
to penetrate into the obscurity and finally bring the mysterious 
