284 PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS.  [Oct. 16, 
truth to light. If the drone egg does not require fertilization, 
Italian mothers must always produce Italian drones and German 
mothers, German drones, even when they have been fertilized by 
drones of another race.’’ His faith in this proposition was so 
strong that when in a few years he found one case in which it did 
not seem to hold good he gave up his theory, just when it was 
becoming generally accepted, and as an explanation took up the old 
exploded theory of Swammerdam of the vivifying action of an aura 
seminalis. Either the experiments of Count v. Berlepsch’ or the 
work of v. Siebold reconverted him, for in 1861 he reiterated his 
belief in his theory. 
EXPERIMENTS AND LATER INVESTIGATION ON BEES. 
Owing to the fact that the phenomena connected with partheno- 
genetic development of the Drone Bee are so striking, even to a - 
person not used to scientific methods of investigation, many experi- 
ments have been tried to test the Theory of Dzierzon. Journals 
‘devoted to Bee Culture as well as more strictly scientific publica- 
tions have recorded a large number of experiments, of which but a 
few can be mentioned here. 
Lowe (1867), after several years of experimenting with hybrid 
hives, denied the truth of Dzierzon’s Theory. With Italian queens 
fertilized by common black drones he could get no definite results, 
‘but with Egyptian queens fertilized by black bees he obtained 
many drones which appeared to have characteristics of the male 
parent. His work was not so carefully recorded as was that of 
Perez which will be mentioned later. 
Landois (1867) put worker eggs in drone cells and drones were 
‘produced, and vce versa. This he did many times and his results 
‘were verified by the presence of the little piece of wax, to which 
‘the eggs had been attached, sticking to the cocoons. He in every 
‘case cut out a little piece of the wax at the base of the cell and 
stuck this with the egg attached into the new cell, so that the egg 
was not injured by the transfer. His earlier experiments were not 
successful, due to imperfect manipulation. His conclusion then 
was that sex in the bee is determined by the food given the larva 
ty, Berlepsch upheld the theory in a large number of papers in the Zichstadt 
Bienenzeitung. For a list of his writings see Bibliotheca Zoologica, O. Tasch- 
enberg, Zweiter Band, pp. 252-3. 
cs ty 
