286 PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS.  [0ct. 16, 
drones from this hive. If these drones were produced from unfer- 
tilized eggs then they should, since the queen was pure Italian, 
show no trace of French characteristics. Perez first examined pure 
Italian and pure French drones from other colonies and determined 
what were the varietal markings in each case; and with these charac- 
teristics well mapped out examined the three hundred drones, and 
found one hundred and fifty-one pure Italians, eighty-three pure 
French and sixty-six showing various gradations between the Italian 
and French varieties, indicating that one hundred and forty-nine, 
almost half, had some French characteristics, which he held must 
have been derived from the French drone that had fertilized the 
queen. 
Arviset (1878) announces a similar case, and Matter (1879) 
writes of three hundred black drones taken from the hive of an 
Italian queen fertilized by a black African drone. 
Sanson (1878), in a reply to this paper, criticised the experiments 
of Perez, claiming that in this case the results had been modified by 
atavism, all bees having been derived from an original black 
- variety. The possibility of the impurity of the queen was also sug- 
gested. He insisted that the purely parthenogenetic origin of 
drones was undoubted. It cannot be claimed that the contraction 
of the spermathecal opening is due to the pressure of the side of the 
cell on the abdomen of the queen, since drones often develop from 
unfertilized eggs in worker cells and workers from fertilized eggs in 
drone cells. He insisted that in the ovary all eggs are male and 
impregnation is necessary to produce female characters. Ifa queen 
is frozen and revived it is found that she afterward lays only drone 
eggs, and an examination of her spermatheca shows only dead 
spermatozoa. 
Girard (1878) thinks that probably these hybrid drone eggs were 
laid by the hybrid workers which would result from the union of 
the Italian queen and French drone, and Hamit (1878) also takes 
the same stand ; but according to the testimony of bee-keepers fertile 
workers are rare in a well-regulated hive, except in the cases of the 
Eastern varieties (Syrian, Palestine, etc.). 
Perez replies to these criticisms in a later paper. The queen was 
obtained from a well-known firm of Italian apiarists and there can 
be no doubt of her purity, since the mother of the queen used in 
the experiment later produced many pure Italian queens. The 
possibility that the hybrids and French drones might be visitors 
