1903.] PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS. 287 
from other hives is denied by Perez on the ground that such visita- 
tions are not usual between hives, but this argument is not substan- 
tiated by other investigators. The hive used for the experiment 
had been used formerly for a pure French queen, but she could not 
have laid any of these eggs since considerable time had elapsed, and 
at any rate she would not have produced any of the sixty-six 
hybrids. ‘The hybrids ard French drone eggs could not have been 
laid by fertile workers since the drones all appeared at the same 
time. 
Cook (1879) claims that these experiments are not wide enough 
to overthrow a theory which has so many arguments on the other 
side. Queens reared in autumn, when there are no drones, pass 
the winter as virgins and always after produce only drone eggs. 
Deformity and clipping of wings to prevent the marriage flight and 
consequent fertilization produces the same result. He suggests that 
possibly the queen used by Perez was a hybrid. ‘This is emphati- 
cally denied by Perez.) 
The argument of atavism used by Sanson is such that a positive 
denial is impossible. One cannot but get the idca that Sanson was 
trying to make the facts fit his theory, however valid the argument 
may be. 
In the face of the careful work of Perez it was evident that there 
must be some other explanation for these results, and it occurred 
to me that perhaps the mistake in the work came in when Perez 
mapped out the racial markings. In a recent number of a bee 
journal I noticed a letter from a novice at bee raising, complain- 
ing that some queens guaranteed to be pure Italians produced black 
drones, although the workers were yellow. I consequently decided 
to leave the matter to a bee-keeper of many years’ experience, and 
wrote to Mr. E. R. Root, one of the editors of Gleanings in Bee 
Culture, and the following, by permission, is quoted from his let- 
ter: ‘‘ We have repeatedly had queens direct from Italy that were 
supposed to be as pure as any stock could be; yet the drones from 
these queens varied greatly in their markings. Some of their sons 
would have a great deal of yellow on them, while others would be 
quite dark. If Perez had seen these drones he would have con- 
cluded some of them were French, some German and some Italian. 
Now the remarkable fact is that dees (workers) from these queens 
were all uniformly marked. They showed all the chracteristics of 
pure stock.”’ 
