283 PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS.  [Oct. 16, 
‘‘ Pure Italian queens vary all the way from a jet black to a bright 
yellow. We had one daughter from an imported Italian that was 
very black ; but her bees (workers) were uniformly well marked 
and showed all the characteristics of pure Italians. Some of the 
queen daughters of the imported queen are quite yellow and some 
quite dark. Any one who attempts to judge of the purity of 
drones or queens by their markings has much to learn about 
pees:!” ‘ 
I put a great deal of confidence in the statements of Mr. Root, 
since he is thoroughly informed in things relating to bees from a 
practical standpoint and is a man of high standing in his line of 
work. We must conclude then that in the honey bee we have a 
case in which certain racial characters are constant only in the 
abortive females, although they do not normally enter into the 
reproduction of the species. Since these markings are not a con- 
stant character, even in pure drones, any attempt to use them as 
tests of hybridism is not warranted. 
A comparatively large number of cases have been recorded of 
hermaphroditic or androgynous bees. This fact was long since 
noticed by Lucas, more recently by Doenhoff, Menzel and Engster,. 
and in 1864-5 by v. Siebold and Leuckart. There is a mixture of 
male and female characters, varying in different individuals, in 
both internal and external organs. Very often on each side of the 
body a few testicular cords and a few ovarian tubes, a well-devel- 
oped male copulatory apparatus and a sting are developed, or one 
side of the body may be entirely male, the other side female. Ac- 
cording to Leuckart all these must be regarded as workers with 
some male characteristics. The explanation offered is that ferti- 
lization did not take place here until after the male characters had 
become too well fixed to be thrown aside by female characteristics. 
Boveri (1901) in a late paper suggests that such cases are due 
to the late fertilization of the egg, after mitosis has commenced, 
and as a result part of the cells have paternal characters and are 
therefore female, while the unfertilized portion remains male. This 
would, of course, easily explain the great differences in hemaphro- 
ditic bees. 
There are numerous cases on record of queens which have taken 
their marriage flights and on their return to the hivé, and during 
the rest of their lives, have laid eggs which never develop. The 
opponents of the theory of parthenogenesis eagerly take up a case 
’ 
