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1903. | PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS. 289 
of this kind, claiming that for some reason the queen has not been 
ertilized and that on this account her eggs will not develop. 
v. Berlepsch was probably one of the first to make any observations 
on this line, and his conclusion was that it was due to some patho- 
logical condition of the queen. 
Claus and v. Siebold (1873) took up this subject and carefully 
studied several cases that came to their notice. One of the cases 
was that of an Italian queen, born May 15, began to lay June 15 
and continued until October 5, when she was killed. Her eggs 
did not hatch and an examination showed that her oviducts were 
normal, spermatozoa present in the spermatheca, but the ovarian 
tubes were degenerate. The conclusion, from this and other cases 
examined, was that all such cases of sterile queens are probably due 
to some irregularity in the formation of the ovum, and especially 
of the vitellus. Leuckart (1875) reports other cases examined and 
corroborates Claus and v. Siebold. 
Of the opponents of the theory of Dzierzon, none perhaps are 
as radical as Ulivi (1874-82). His views were briefly as follows: 
Queens are usually fertilized in the hive, and he claims to have 
witnessed the act of copulation several times. The spermatheca, on 
the return from the so-called ‘‘ marriage flight,’’ is clear and con- 
tains no spermatozoa, as was demonstrated by numerous examina- 
tions. The marriage flight is explained as being merely for exer- 
cise. Drones are not mutilated in copulation, and on examination 
the white appendage which is always seen on the queen on 
her return from the marriage flight is found to be excreta. Every 
egg, male or female, is fertilized. Queens that were never allowed 
to fly (their wings being clipped) were put in hives without drones 
and laid no egg or eggs that did not hatch. Every queen whose 
spermatheca is distended has been fertilized. None of the eggs of 
a queen that has never met a drone will hatch. There is no such 
thing as a fertile worker. Fertilized eggs will keep through the 
winter and hatch out in the spring. He also claims that there can 
be no true parthenogenesis when a fertile copulation is admitted. 
The effect of the spermatic threads does not consist of a simple 
excitement of the supposed vital germ preéxisting in the egg, but of 
a real infusion of the absolute principle of life. No transforma- 
tion of sex can be effected by spermatic injection. It need scarcely 
be added that such views have found no supporters. 
For the past two or three years Dickel has been advancing a new 
