1903.] PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS. 293 
’ breed has not been ascertained. . . . There is some reason to 
suspect that there is a connection between male and female cater- 
pillars, for I have frequently observed them twisted together for 
some time after they have ceased eating, and a little before they 
cast their skins to go into the pupa state.’’ This same form was 
investigated by Kessler (1866) and especially by v. Siebold (1871). 
Other papers on this family are those of Cameron (1885), Fletcher, 
(1880), v. Stein (1881-83) and Brischke (1887). Taschenberg 
(1892) gives a long list of members of this family for which par- 
thenogenetic development has been recorded. The various mem- 
bers of the group afford examples of Arrenotoky, Thelytoky and 
Amphoterotoky. 
Cynipide.—In this family many species are known only from 
females, males being entirely absent or very rare. Leon Dufour 
(1841) found no males in two hundred individuals of Dzplolepis 
galle tinctorie collected, and Hartig (1843) no males in nine 
thousand examples of Cynips divisa. Osten-Sacken (1861) at- 
tempted to explain this by claiming that the males live in differ- 
ent galls from the females and are not recognized as the same 
species. Such a dimorphism is known for some Cynipidz and it is 
probably true for many more. Taschenberg (1892) gives a list of 
nineteen cases in which males and females have been described as 
different genera and are now known to be but cases of sexual 
dimorphism. Cynips quercus-erculata (Osten-Sacken) which pro- 
duces a large gall in the autumn, in the spring of the next year 
lays eggs which produce galls of another form, originally named 
C. 9g. spongifica. ‘The autumn brood of this Cyzps consists of par- 
thenogenetic femalés, while the spring brood is of both males and 
females. 
Neuroterus lenticularis produces galls of a certain form on the 
under side of oak-leaves and the flies appear in the early spring. 
These deposit their eggs on the buds of the oak which produce 
galls unlike those of the autumn and the fly, of both sexes, which 
emerges from the second gall has been referred to a separate genus 
(Spathegaster baccarum). ‘This in turn lays eggs which produce the 
original form of euroterus, all females. 
In the families of Ants and the family Vespidz parthenogenesis 
similar to that of Ags is very common, as is also true for other 
species of the family Apidz. ‘The best known cases are those 
investigated by v. Siebold (1870-71), Vespa germanica and Polistes 
gallica. 
