294 PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS.  [0Oct. 16, 
Andrenide.—In Halictus, according to Fabre (1880), a mixed 
brood results:from the development of the unfertilized eggs, Am- 
photerotoky. Cf. Perez (1895). 
Ichneumonide.—v. Siebold (1884) describes Thelytoky for 
Paniscus glaucopterus. 
Chalcidide.—Adler (1881) describes an alternation of genera- 
tions and probable Arrenotoky for P/eromalus puparum. ' 
CoLEOPTERA.—Few cases of parthenogenesis are recorded for 
this sub-order, Osborne (1879-81) and Jobert (1882) being the 
only observers who record such phenomena. The cases recorded 
are Eumolpus (Adoxus) vitis and Gastrophysa raphani ( Gastroidea 
viridula). Osborne considered parthenogenesis in G. raphani to be 
as frequent as in ematus ribesiz, while Jobert suggests that the 
form. studied by him (Adoxus) is hermaphroditic. v. Siebold 
(1869) described pzedogenesis for the Strepsiptera, the females of 
which are wingless and worm-like with a flattened triangular head — 
and live in the abdomen of bees and wasps. The female is vivi- 
parous, producing hundreds of young, but is not a larval form at the 
time of reproduction, and there is no evidence that fertilization 
does not take place. 
LEPIDOPTERA.—In Bombyx mori occasional parthenogenesis has 
been observed. Constans de Castellet (1795) first recorded this, 
and it was confirmed by Herold (1838) and Leuckart (1855). 
v. Siebold (1856) and a pupil Schmid got both sexes from unfer- 
tilized eggs. Verson (1873) showed that reproduction in this case 
is generally sexual and (1888) claimed that parthenogenetic devel- 
opment for this species is usually partial. Tichomiroff (1886-91) 
produced partial parthenogenesis in this form by mechanical 
excitement (1886) and by putting the eggs in 65 per cent. sul- 
phuric acid for two and one-half minutes (1889). Nussbaum 
(1898) found that two per cent. of the eleven hundred unfertilized 
eggs examined showed segmentation but never hatched, and in 
similar observations on the eggs of Parthesia and Lipfarts he did 
not get cleavage in any case. 
In Solenobia triquetrella, S. lichenella, and Psyche helix true 
Thelytoky occurs and we have a succession of parthenogenetic 
females, and only occasionally in P. helix is a male produced.’ 
Much of the early work on parthenogenesis was done on Lepidop- 
1 Described by Claus, 1866. No males are known for Solenobia. 
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