Congenital Anomalies of Arteries and Veins 7 



An irregular course has been described by Hyrtl (1859), Pye- 

 Smith (1871), Gruber (1872-8), Shepherd (1889), Morestin 

 (1894), Funke (1897), Meriel (1903), Neuberger (1912). Some 

 variation of the branches, Lauth (1833), Bajardi (1874), has been 

 noted, but insufficient in extent to be profitable for analysis with 

 the exception perhaps of the sublingual which has been studied by 

 Bertelli (1903) in 50 cases and by Rouviere (1908) ; they conclude 

 that it is normally a branch of the lingual, in 9 : 50 cases it arises 

 from the external maxillary. Both Hyrtl (1873) ^"^ Rouviere 

 decide that it is frequently lacking. 



A. M axillaris Externa 

 It may be double, Bellini (1894). Krause (1868) says that it 

 is frequently short, extending only to the angle of the mouth, but 

 Dall'Acqua (1906) found this true in only 3 per cent. It may be 

 represented only by the cervical portion and the face receive its 

 blood supply from the transverse facial, Demarquay (1845), 

 Arnold (1847), Dunn (1890). The origin and distribution of 

 branches may be so irregular that they can not be interpreted from 

 the description, Hame (1880) ; such variations are apparently indi- 

 vidual and can only be classified on a comparative basis or must 

 await a better understanding of the history of development. An- 

 other group of variations in which the internal and external maxil- 

 lary are associated has been studied by Gronroos (1901), who 

 reports a case and examines the literature. In his case the facial 

 portion of the external maxillary is connected to the internal maxil- 

 lary through a buccinator branch ; other cases of such a loop are 

 Joessel (1878), Kalantaroff (1887), Delitzin (1890), and earlier 

 cases by Quain and Hyrtl (1859). Krause (1868) reports the 

 ascending palatine from the occipital, Dall'Acqua (1906) from the 

 external carotid 10 per cent., from the ascending pharyngeal 5 per 

 cent., and Theile (1841) from the lingual. Rouviere (1908) pre- 

 sents a study of the sublingual terminations, while the tonsillar has 

 been described by Haller, Luschka, Richter, and Dall'Acqua. 



A. Occipitalis 



It may arise in common with the ascending pharyngeal, Quain 

 19:144, Pye-Smith (1871), Streets (1872), Macalister (1892), 



