8 C. W. M. Poynter 



Livini (1903) 16.3 per cent., or the posterior auricular, Livini 11. 8 

 per cent. Horrocks, White, Lane (1884) report finding it as a 

 branch of the internal carotid, as do Haller (1747), Tiedemann 

 (1822), Hyrtl (1836), Ouain, Beck (1846), Dubrueil (1847). 



It may run superficial to the sterno-mastoid, Tiedemann (1822), 

 Quain, Arnold (1847), Schwegel (1859). It may form a con- 

 nection with the external carotid, Huber (1777), or with the 

 vertebral, Green (1830), Schlemm (1830), Tiedemann (1846), or 

 with its fellow within the skull, Gruber (1852), or with the middle 

 meningeal, Jancke (1762), Soemmering (1800), Barkow (1851). 



A. Auricularis Posterior 

 In its origin it may be associated with the occipital or with the 

 ascending pharyngeal, Livini i per cent. The stylo mastoid may 

 enter and cross the tympanum to enter the facial canal, Hyrtl 

 (1836), or may go on to supply the dura. Arnold thinks this is 

 only an abnormal course of a branch which normally comes from 

 the ascending pharyngeal and is in relation to the tympanic nerve. 

 This artery is homologized with a vessel in chiroptera and insec- 

 tivora which springs from the common carotid and passes between 

 the limbs of the stapes, Otto (1826), Meckel (1828), Hyrtl 

 (1836). 



Rami Parotidi 



These to the number of two Livini found present in 95 per cent, 

 of his series, and I have found them almost as constantly. Hal- 

 bertsma (1863) saw them furnish a branch to the sterno mastoid. 



A. Stcrnocleidomastoidca 

 It is a question whether the blood supply to the sterno mastoid 

 should be attributed to an individual artery. Occipital, posterior 

 auricular, parotid, and lingual all contribute normally to this sup- 

 ply, as Halbertsma has pointed out. Livini found a separate 

 branch from the carotid in 42 per cent., while I found such a 

 branch in 37 per cent. 



A. Massetcrlca 



This seems to be a much more constant branch than the last. It 

 arises from the carotid just 1)ehind the angle of the mandible and 



