Congenital Anomalies of Arteries and Veins 17 



the vertebral, Ouain (1844), Bean (1904), Pellegrini (1906) ; or 

 from the second intercostal. Barkow (1868), Carrington (1883), 

 Sebastian (1874), Poynter, both sides in one subject; or it may be 

 mAiltiple, Paterson (1883), Mears (1887). Carrington reported 

 its absence. 



A. Cervicalis Profunda 



It may arise from the internal mammary, Hyrtl (1841) ; or from 

 the vertebral, Leroux (1851), Pellegrini (1906) ; or the inferior 

 thyroid. Bean (1904) 4 per cent., Poynter 2 per cent.; or as a 

 separate branch of the subclavian, Pellegrini 10 per cent. The 

 description of a costocervical trunk is attributed to Lauth (1833), 

 but was recognized by many before that time ; Pellegrini found a 

 trunk present in 89 per cent.. Bean reported 54 per cent, on the 

 right and 38 per cent, on the left, my series yielded a trunk fre- 

 quency of 64 per cent. 



A. Scaleni 



An artery to the scalenus anticus arising from the subclavian 

 was described by Stahel (1886), but was figured by Ouain (1844), 

 page 181. Pellegrini found it present in 72 per cent.. Bean did 

 not speak of it, and in 50 bodies which I examined particularly for 

 it I found a separate small branch, which might be interpreted as 

 this artery, in 20 per cent. 



ARTERIES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 



A. AXILLARIS AND ITS BRANCHES 



Since the division between the subclavian and axillary is an 

 arbitrary one, the cases reported, in which the rami belonging to 

 the subclavian come from the axillary, are no different, except in 

 degree, than those variations already discussed. 



Hyrtl (1839), from an examination of four embryos, concluded 

 that the brachial divided proximally to the elbow and later moved 

 distally, so making a high division a condition of arrested develop- 

 ment. Duvernoy (1875) made a somewhat similar mistake in 

 considering a superficial brachial, which he found in a six months' 

 foetus, a normal stage of development. There is not space to re- 



