Congenital Anomalies of Arteries and Veins 23 



they will be of slight significance, so are omitted from this study. 



The processus supracondyloideus deserves no attention here ex- 

 cept for the fact that it at one time was associated with arterial 

 variations of the arm. It was first described by Otto (1838), 

 then Patruban (1866). Gruber studied it particularly and estab- 

 lished its frequency as 2.7 per cent. Ruge (1884) refers to it as 

 related to high origin of the radial. 



A summary of the larger studies quoted above represents 3,337 

 arms and yields a variation percentage of 19.8. 



ARTERIES OF THE HAND 



It has been shown by DeVriese (1903) that the hand is vascu- 

 larized early, and that there is a shift from the median artery, 

 which is the oldest, to the interosseus, and finally this is replaced 

 by the ulnar and radial as the trunks supporting its circulation. 

 These shifts permit wide variations which are observed in the 

 palmar arches and their connections. The arch supplied by a comes 

 nervi mediani is interesting as representing a persistence of the 

 earliest embryonal condition. Cases have been observed by Haller 

 (1753), Ludwig (1767), Munz (1821), Tiedemann (1822), 

 Bonamy (1834), Blandin (1834), Theile (1841), Quain (1844), 

 Dubrueil (1847), Meyer (1848), Gruber (1852), Hyrtl (1862), 

 Oeffinger (1867), Gerard (1897), Breme (1899), DeGery (1902), 

 Bussiere (1904), Poynter. 



Jastschenski (1890) made a very careful study of the arches of 

 200 subjects and furnished the following statistical data: Deep 

 arch lacking once ; superficial arch lacking 32 per cent. When the 

 arch was present it was made up, radio-ulnar 2y per cent., ulnar 

 38 per cent., medio-ulnar 3 per cent., radio-medio-ulnar .5 per cent. 

 Other observations on anomalies in the hand are by : Tiedemann 

 (1822), Heister (1744), Lauth (1833), Green (1830), Bourgery 

 (1830), Labatt (1838), Quain (1844), Dubrueil (1847), Barkow 

 (1851-69), Dursy (1861), Hyrtl (1864), Reader (1866), Oef- 

 finger (1867), Chuquet (1876), Rodet (1875), Mengazzini (1886), 

 Jastschenski (1896), Schwalbe (1896), Salvi (1898), Bourguet 

 (1904), Poillet (1904). 



