Congenital Anomalies of Arteries and Veins 43 



VENA CAVA SUPERIOR 



The embryological history of the vena cava has been repeated 

 so many times it is unnecessary to outHne it again. Anomalies are 

 associated with the embryological pattern and consist of persistence 

 of embr3'ological connections alone or in conjunction with atrophy 

 of normally developing channels. Ancel and Vellemin (1908) 

 have classified the anomalies as follows : 



A. Double superior vena cava without anastomoses. Persist- 

 ence of the left duct of Cuvier and failure of development of the 

 left innominate vein. 



Bartholeni (1641), Kerckring (1670), Boehmer (1752), Haller (1768), 

 Murray (1781), Wilson (1798), Ring (1805), Meckel (1802-05-17), 

 Niemeyer (1814), Beclard (1816), Wese (1818), Cerutti (1822), Wehrde 

 (1826), Breschet (1819), Houston (1827), Hesselbach (1834), Otto (1830), 

 Serres (1830), Valleix (1834), Cooper (1836), Marchesseaux (1838), 

 Hyrtl (1839), Martin (1841), Herberg (1845), Gruber (1846-59-65-81- 

 84-), Marshall (1850), Chassaignac (1852), Luschka (1862), Peacock 

 (1866), ■ Chiene (1867), Humphrey (1867), Paterson (1868), Zaaijer 

 (1869), Farmer (1874), Rokitansky (1875), Kadyi (1881), Rex (1882). 

 Dilg (1883), Audry (1890), Pangratz (1894), Galubew (1895), Bauer 

 (1896), Hahn (1896), Berens (1898), Broome (1900), Berthel (1901), 

 Baumgarth (1902), Willige (1904), Gerard (1907), Ancel (1908), Merkel 

 (1912), Atten (1913), Dietrich (1913), Cameron (1914), Johnston (1914), 

 Beyerlein (1914), McCotter (1915), Poynter 3 cases. 



B. Double superior vena cava with small anastomoses, per- 

 sistence of the left duct of Cuvier, and a small innominate develop- 

 ment. 



Hyrtl (1839), Marshall (1850), Heppner (1863), Gruber (1864-81), 

 Hepburn (1886), Hart-Smith (1894), Dalton (1899), McCotter (1915). 



C. Double superior vena cava with normal innominate vein. 

 Gruber (1865-85), Walsham (1880), Howden (1886), Cencel 

 (1908). 



D. Persistence of the left superior vena cava without atrophy 

 of the right superior cava. 



Cheselden (1713), Greenfield (1876), Gruber (1880), Little (1880), 



Mackenzie (1880), Halbertsma (1862), Weigert (1881), Charles (1889), 

 Bedart (1892), Boyd (1893), Maussert (1899), Smith (1916). 



Unclassified cases. Weber (1829), Leudet (1852), Furner (1874), 



