Congenital Anomalies of Arteries and Veins 45 



tered: Santorini (1724), Haller (1762), Malacarne (1784), Por- 

 tal (1803), Vicq d'Azyr (1805), Hallett (1848), Nuhn (1849), 

 Theile (1855), Luschka (1859), Hyrtl (1862), Verga (1856), 

 Trolard (1868), Riidinger (1876), Langer (1877), Knott (1881), 

 Langer (1884), Sperino (1884), Riidinger (1888), Dumont 

 (1894), Zander (1892), Callet (1905). 



V. OPHTHALMICA SUPERIOR 



The ophthalmic vein may open into the circular sinus or it may 

 establish connections with the cerebral veins. It may have no deep 

 connection, but may open into the frontal or supraorbital vein. A 

 secondary connection with the sagittal sinus may be made. The 

 lachrymal vein may remain independent and open into the cav- 

 ernous sinus or be connected with the temporal. The ophthalmico- 

 meningeal vein of Hyrtl (1859) is an anastomosis between the 

 ophthalmic and cerebral veins, Sesemann (1869), Gurvitch (1883), 

 Festal (1887). 



V. SUBCLAVIA 



The subclavian vein may be higher than normal, Robert (1828), 

 or may pass behind the scalenus anticus muscle. I have twice 

 observed it forming a complete venous circle around the muscle; 

 Luschka speaks of the condition and also of a circle about the 

 clavicle. Such a case is reported by Lewis (1909), who shows 

 that a small vein ventral to the subclavius muscle is present in early 

 development. Irregularities of the tributaries of the subclavian 

 are reported by Hyrtl (1862) and Smith (1894). 



The vertebral vein may pass in front of the clavicle, McDowell 

 (1849), ^^^d it may be connected with any of the surrounding 

 veins ; it may receive the upper intercostal veins as tributaries. 



The internal mammary vein may open into the vena cava or the 

 azygos. The two veins may be connected across the sternum in 

 each interspace and the connection with the general system may be 

 lost on one side, so that both have a common trunk of termination. 



V. AXILLARIS 



The axillary vein may lie at some distance from the artery, 

 Hallett (1848). I have recorded 6 cases in 120 observations. It 



