46 C. IV. M. Poynter 



is riot infrequently multiple, generally two trunks with frequent 

 interconnections, Kaneko (1896), Picque (1910). Great latitude 

 must be allowed for normal in the arrangement of the tributaries 

 to the axillary vein. 



Humeral Veins. — Variations consist . chiefly in the number of 

 trunks and the relations of the basilic and cephalic to the axillary 

 tributaries, see Barkow (1868). Berry and Newton (1908) made 

 an extensive study of the superficial veins of the upper limb, but 

 reported nothing which belongs in this review. I have observed 

 instances in which the cephalic vein was wanting, but judging from 

 the literature it does not seem to be a frequent anomaly, Hallett 

 (1848), Stocquart (1892). 



V. AZYGOS 



The embryology of these veins has not been worked out for man, 

 but as Evans (1912) has pointed out, there is no doubt but that 

 the posterior cardinal veins are concerned in the formation of these 

 veins. All of the variations I have encountered can be explained 

 by the familiar figures of Hochstetter. A study of 200 bodies 

 showed 26 per cent, anomalies, Soloweilschik (1899) found 22 per 

 cent. Many of these are of a very minor nature. The cross con- 

 nection of the hemiazygos to the azygos is almost as frequently at 

 the 8th as at the 9th vertebra and in 10 per cent, both are present. 

 In 4 per cent, three connections are maintained. In 12 bodies 4 or 

 more connections are found. In 4 bodies the left spermatic and 

 suprarenal veins joined the accessory hemiazygos, while in 12 per 

 cent, a branch from or all of the left renal opened into this vein, 

 Zumstein (1895). In 4 per cent, the accessory hemiazygos does 

 not join the hemiazygos, but enters the coronary sinus. In 14 

 cases the right and left systems do not connect, but the left forms 

 a separate system flowing into the left anonyma except in one 

 case which enters a persistent left cava. 



Gruber (1864) saw a case in which the azygos opened into the 

 hemiazygos, and this in turn into the right atrium. The azygos 

 may curve from the 4th or 5th vertebra, grooving the lung to enter 

 the superior cava just before it enters the heart. 



Wrisberg (1778), Rokrtansky (1875), Bouchaud (1862), Chiene (1869), 

 Cleland (1869), Gruber (1870), Collins (1874), Gruber (1880), Allen, 



