av 
rebound of materialism, reaching its climax in the positivism of 
Auguste Comte, and the extremes of that idealism have almost 
justified the extremes, also, of the empirical school. ‘ 
At present we see a rebound from materialism and empiricism. 
The result is twofold. Wherever philosophic thought has grown 
languid and weak under the opiate influences of materialism and 
skepticism, wherever it merely has power to lift itself up and be 
heard, it seems to totter into mere agnosticism; but wherever, on 
the contrary, philosophic thought has retained some of the manly 
vigor which recognizes that the human intellect is not made for 
nescience but for knowledge, not made for darkness but for light, 
then philosophy stands up and asserts itself, asserts its right to re- 
mind science that it does not fill the whole world of human thinking, 
and demands that those relations between science and philosophy 
shall be remembered and shall be observed, upon which the reason- 
ableness or utility of both equally depends. 
What are those relations? Science works according to certain 
principles which it presupposes. ‘These principles are very ele- 
mentary. The whole is, and must be, greater than any of its parts. 
All the operations of nature take place, and must take place, in 
space and intime. Every effect presupposes, and must presuppose, 
a cause; and is, and must be, proportionate to its cause. Nature 
itself is a reality and not a fiction. It has in it those elements that 
make it possible for a man from facts to rise to laws and from laws 
to build up systems. All the notions of equality and inequality, of 
proportion and relation—all these things science works with, all 
these things science presupposes. Science did not make them, 
science did not discover them, science did not receive them even 
from mathematics. Mathematics, itself, presupposes them and 
works with them. Where do they come from? The scientist may 
accept these principles unconsciously, he may forget his debt to 
philosophy, but he does not by that forgetfulness cancel the debt. 
More than that, when a science has done its best, and by the 
application of these principles has made and tested its methods, 
carried on its observations and then tested its results, all is not 
done. ‘These single facts have to be woven, have to be fixed into 
the great mosaic of truth. Science stands side by side with other 
sciences, and the scientist in any department must every now and 
then, if he is loyal to human intelligence, look over the fence of his 
own narrow boundary, recognize the fields of thought that are beyond 
