187 
the wings. It is quite impossible to place it, except by merest 
conjecture. 
The last instance is to be found in the paper by Brauer, Redten- 
bacher, and Ganglbaur (Mém. Acad. St. Petersb., (7), xxxvi, 1889) 
on the Jurassic insects of eastern Siberia; these authors mention 
among the ‘‘ Dubiosa,’’ a dipterous pupa ‘‘ somewhat resembling 
that of Ptychoptera.’’ 
From these unsatisfactory data we may conclude that Tipuline 
and perhaps Limnobinz have probably been found as far back as 
the Jura, but that further details regarding specimens will need to 
be published before the evidence is satisfactory. 
VI. Famity TIPuLip2. 
The two subfamilies of Tipulidae may be separated by means of 
the structure of the wings (often the only characteristic part re- 
maining in fair preservation among the fossils) in the following 
manner: 
Auxiliary vein usually ending in the costa and connected by a cross vein with 
the first longitudinal vein; the latter ends in the costa without aiding in the 
formation of a trapezoidal cell; last posterior cell in broad contact with the discal 
Cra Rema Pte RSet ct acai s eT a ote; Ste cata pA e) Oi Ghee eth! von STehe ee el pate Male Limnobine. 
Auxiliary vein ending in the first longitudinal vein by abruptly curving down 
to it, but otherwise free from it; first longitudinal vein, by an apical incurva- 
tion and the emission at its base of an oblique costal cross vein, enclosing a trape- 
zoidal cell at the distal extremity of the stigma; last posterior cell touching the 
Giscalcelliat only, OMe CORNED ante eiarcrie eters ie/auerye\= Sep ctsks fovea atasteiater aval Tipuline. 
In the enumeration of the specimens at the end of the following 
specific descriptions the numbers of the obverse and reverse of the 
same specimen are always connected by ‘‘and’’ without any 
intervening comma, and this typographical method is employed 
only in expressing this relation. ; 
VII. THE SUBFAMILY LIMNOBIN. 
For the sake merely of simplicity, I use this term to include all 
the Tipulide brevipalpi of authors. There seems to be a greater 
diversity of structure among them than among the Tipuline proper, 
and they have been divided by Osten Sacken into eight groups, 
