SPORT AND SCIENCE ON THE 



and occupied by a family named Chang. A 

 great many Chinese place-names originated after 

 this manner. The actual town, or that part 

 enclosed by a town wall, is very small, but the 

 suburbs are very extensive, spreading over the 

 whole of the valley and reaching right up along 

 the deep and narrow gorge leading up to the 

 Han-nor-pa pass. This last section, which is 

 mainly composed of camel inns and business 

 establishments dealing directly with the Mongols, 

 and which lies outside the Great Wall (northern 

 loop), is known as K'ou-wai (outside the mouth). 

 The next section, which consists of cart inns for 

 Chinese, artisans' workshops and private Chinese 

 houses, is known as Shang-pu (upper town). 

 The lowest section, known as Hsia-pu (lower 

 town), is much the largest and includes the walled 

 town and a large area of godowns, hotels, inns 

 and business establishments, all of which have 

 sprung into existence since the opening of the 

 railway. 



It is this new factor that makes Kalgan unique 

 amongst the border towns. On one side of the 

 river, which is spanned by a strong stone bridge, 

 we have a busy centre, presenting many of the 

 features of a treaty port, with corrugated iron 

 sheds, Europeanized shop-fronts, one or two 

 foreign-built bungalows, railway sidings and so on. 

 On the other side we have a centre, just as busy, 

 but typically Oriental. Here are bazaars, where 



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