204 UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO STUDIES 



are either preceded by a voiceless vowel or by no sound at all, or are 

 followed by a voiceless vowel; occasionally they occur between two 

 voiced vowels, as in mataquitj)', the moon. The stops in their 

 acoustic effect upon the English-speaking person are intermediate 

 between ''k" and ''g," ''kw" and ''gw," "t" and "d," etc., respec- 

 tively, chiefly because they lack the aspiration characteristic of the 

 EngHsh "k," *'kw," "t," etc. Corresponding to each stop, with 

 exception of tj, is (i) a voiced, and (2) a voiceless fricative continuant 

 of similar articulatory position. Thus to k correspond q (open g 

 as in some pronunciations of German "sagen") and x (German "ch" 

 as in "mac/?en"). To kw correspond qw and xw. The stop t has 

 as corresponding continuants p (a peculiar untrilled r) and q (the 

 same sound voiceless) . The stop p has as corresponding continuants 

 V (bilabial v as in some pronunciations of German ''Nasser ") and 

 f (bilabial f as in some pronunciations of Japanese "Fujiyama"). 

 No continuants appear to correspond to the stop tJ. The voiced 

 continuants occur only between two voiced vowels, and the voiceless 

 continuants are heard only when a voiced vowel precedes and a voice- 

 less vowel follows. The continuants appear to be connected in some 

 more or less irregular way with the stops. The more the matter is 

 studied the more perplexing it seems. Thus although haxhy, house, 

 and niaqa.rhy, tipi, are clearly related, and avatj^' is clearly the 

 Spanish and English word Apache, p and f both appear after a voiced 

 and before an unvoiced vowel, as in ttivuipH, earth, but HBifw, 

 bone. The reason why now stop, now continuant appears may be 

 a historical one. Thus Latin "persona," Spanish "/>ersona," but 

 Latin "ca^ra," Spanish "ca^ra," pronounced "cawa." 



The continuant s is voiceless and less "sh"-nke than the element 

 following the t in the consonantal diphthong tJ, which is accordingly 

 written tJ (J Hke English "sh") instead of ts. The continuant s 

 appears in every position in which it is possible for any consonant 

 to occur in Ute and nowhere exhibits great modification of quahty. 



The nasal consonants n and m have each a voiceless counterpart: 

 rb and rrb. The sounds rb and mj appear only before voiceless vowels. 

 The beginning portion of n> or rrb is voiced when the preceding vowel 



