III. — State Control and Supervision of Charities and Corrections 



BY ANDERSON WILLIAM CLARK 



PREFACE 



The problems of charity and correction are many and complex. 

 In the midst of our social development these problems have greatly 

 increased in number and in importance within the last few years. 

 Differentiation, which has been rapid in the past, will be acceler- 

 ated in the future. Classification has gone forward until we have 

 separate institutions for the insane, feeble-minded, epileptics, or- 

 phan and crippled children, blind, deaf-mutes, the aged poor; also 

 hospitals for the treatment of particular forms of sickness, in- 

 cluding contagious and other diseases. Some of these institutions 

 are managed by the state, some by the county, some by the city, 

 and others by private societies. We have organized forms of re- 

 lief such as associated charities, day nurseries, diet kitchens, em- 

 ployment bureaus, medical dispensaries, visiting nurses' associa- 

 tions and societies to relieve distress in the home. For dealing 

 with offenders we have national prisons, state prisons, county 

 jails, city jails, bridewells, lockups, state reformatories for men 

 and women, state reformatories for boys and girls, juvenile courts, 

 and prisoners' aid associations. These organizations in charity 

 and penal work are very numerous. In New York City alone, as 

 appears from the New York Charities Directory in 1904, there 

 are 3,086 institutions and societies engaged in charity work. This 

 great number in a single city gives us an idea of the complexity 

 of the problems and of ^the extreme differentiation in methods of 

 handling them. New methods are constantly devised for the 

 treatment of pauperism, for the prevention of crime, for the refor- 

 mation of the criminal, and for correcting dangerous criminal 

 tendencies. Dangers from environment in childhood and sisfns 



University Studies, Vol. V, No. 4, October 1905. 



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