1899] SOCIETY FOR PLANT MORPHOLOGY 127 
ing hills and cafions. In North America such effects are most 
marked on the elevated plains of the southwest. (2) Inversions 
of temperature would result in major deflections of zonal bound- 
aries on great level plains, and constitute a hitherto unrecog- 
nized factor in distribution. (3) Inversions of temperatures and 
the resulting air-currents cause abrupt deflections of the zonal 
boundaries corresponding to minor topographical features. 
Southern forms reach their extreme northernmost extension 
along ridges and hills. Northern forms penetrate farthest south- 
ward down valleys or cafions. (4) Ascending currents of air 
furnish conditions favorable to the growth of moisture-loving 
species along the margins of table lands bordering on valleys 
and cafions,. 
Some appliances for the elementary study of plant physiology: 
vee F. Ganone, Smith College.— The author pointed out that 
investigation is greatly aided by the wide diffusion of its results 
through good elementary teaching, and that the rapid introduc- 
Bos - Plant physiology into elementary courses in botany is 
making a demand for simpler, less expensive and more conclu- 
Sive experiments. The author then described some simple appli- 
a developed in his physiological practicum in Smith College. 
Th included a simple temperature stage for study of the rela- 
tion of temperature to protoplasmic movement, by use of which 
= accurate quantitative results may be obtained; a clinostat 
ae eg ueted from clockwork and ample for demonstrating the 
supe = aA 8eotropism, etc.; a self-recording auxanometer, 
ins cs but yielding sufficiently accurate Dosti 
diffusion us Work ; an osmometer, using Schleicher & Schiill’s 
giving Ms ells 16™ diameter in combination with burettes, 
cnsteati ed results ; a simple new method of dem- 
Geemigan: oe of gases in respiration ; an inexpensive 
Piration ex OX} a.useful way of preparing a plant for trans- 
tte., by oe mments ; an excellent way of graduating roots, 
use of a stretched thread along which insoluble India 
ink j 
Ra es allowed to run by capillarity. A description of these 
Plances wil] be published later. 
