1896.} ‘‘Natural History of Plants.’’ 21 
the others and, as will be shown, deeply opposed to later 
statements. It is not true that the ‘‘single protoplast” which 
forms the starting point fora new individual, sexually pro- 
duced, requires any such stimulus. TZhzs ‘‘single protoplast” 
is the syngamete or resultant cell from gametic fusion. It is 
also erroneous to suggest that from the ooplasm arises the 
new individual. This, on the contrary, arises from the syn- 
gamete. 
p. 9. “As the spores of ferns are not the direct result of a process 
of fertilization they are not parts of fruits but brood-bodies.” 
35. “The ably structure rightly to be considered a moss-fruit is 
that in which the embryo is produced as a result of fertilization.” 
p. 16. (Describing rupture of moss-calyptra.) “The coat of the 
fruit being torn away.” 
. P. 47. “The ooplasm rendered capable of fertilization, of this par- 
ticular kind of growth” (i. e., into a new generation) “is to be consid- 
— as an embryo, even in cases where no visible change has taken 
place. 
p- 66. In mosses “it is best to look upon the formation of fruit as 
being complete as soon as fertilization has taken place.” 
Comment. Clearly the word embryo is used here as a syn- 
onym of fecundated-egg, oosperm, or syngamete. The 
structure called a moss-fruit is, as clearly, a fecundated egg 
together with the enclosing archegone. And the further de- 
velopment of a moss sporophyte is called a development from 
the fruit. Here terms are used in an unusual sense, but not 
€ven consistently as the context will show. 
P. 47. “We consider every structure to be a fruit which is the prod- 
uct of fertilization and at the same time constitutes the first step 
towards the renewal of the fertilized plant.” 
Comment. From the above it is clear that the only struc- 
tures properly termed fruits in flowering plants would be the 
micropylar syngamete nucleus of the embryo-sac (after fertil- 
ization has taken place), or the antipodal syngamete nucleus 
(under the theory of Morot, that this cell represents gametic 
Components). Now as a matter of fact, it is not these struc- 
tures that are termed fruits at all, by Kerner, but those en- 
tirely different bodies—the fruits in the popular sense. See 
“At one end of the chain we have the unicellular fruits of the mi- 
roscopic desmids, at the other the fruit of the cocoa-nut, which is 
differentiated into seeds on the one hand, and, several envelopes on 
the other and is as large asa man’shead.” st 
- 49. Cryptogams possess “organs of fructification not clearly visi- 
ble Without aid from the microscope, whilst the term Phanerogam will 
comprise such plants as have organs of fructification which are visible 
without aid from the microscope. 
