170 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [scancx 7 
species are very different from those found on the beach, and, 
as will be shown later, plant species occur on these dunes which 
are absent from the beach altogether. . 
Of the six chief character species of the upper beach, three 
(CEnothera, Artemisia, Cnicus) are commonly biennials, Euphor- . 
bia is an annual, while Lathyrus and Agropyrum are perennials | 
with decidedly social habits through extensive rhizome propagt 
tion. Thus the perennial habit is much less common on the 
upper beach than on the dunes. The three biennials pis 
through the winter in the form of ground rosettes, tall shoots — 
being sent up in the spring. Cnicus has a noteworthy protective 
covering of woolly hairs. 
There are several plant species very characteristic of the 
embryonic dunes on the beach, which also occur on the upper 
beach proper, though rarely in great abundance. Notable 
among these plants are Ammmophila arundinacea, and Eiyms 
Canadensis. Ammophila occurs about equally throughout, bes 
Elymus is much more characteristic northward; indeed of the 
northern upper beaches Elymus is sometimes as abundaat & — 
Agropyrum or Artemisia. About Chicago Elymus is a comma 
character plant of the dunes, but rarely of the beach. Between 
Chicago and Muskegon Asclepias Cornuti is a frequent tenant of 
the upper beach, Calamagrostis longifolia, one of the chief chat 
acter plants of the active dunes, is sometimes found 0 oe 
beach, as are Solidago humilis Gillmani (plants large, but lee 
not sharply toothed) and Lithospermum hirtum, which are ie 
characteristic of rejuvenated dunes, fossil beaches, and hea , 
Cakile Americana and Corispermum hyssopifolium occur but f° - 
abundant than on the middle beach, although the latter 1S en : 
times a prominent upper beach type. The forms i 
this paragraph are perennials, with the exception of the last 4 ' 
as they are all of secondary importance, in reality repre 
the vanguards of a flora which is more at home farther ee 
there seems no necessity for any further defense of the ® 
e the upper beach flora is not typically composed of 
Nials. 
