380 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [May 
pedeza capitata, Euphorbia corollata, Helianthemum Canadense, Viola 
pedata, Opuntia Rafinesquit, Gnothera rhombipetala, Monarda pune- 
tata, Aster linariifolius, Helianthus divaricatus. In very open 
places there are various species of Geaster and Lycoperdon, 
Festuca tenella, Polygonum tenue, Polygonella articulata, Talinum 
teretifolium, Mollugo verticillata, Draba Caroliniana, Linaria Cana- 
densis, Krigia Virginica. 
- On the shaded northern slopes Pinus Banksiana and Pinus 
Strobus often occur with the oaks (see fig. 20). The under- 
growth is often a complete vegetation carpet, and consists of 
Vaccinium, Viburnum, and others of the above plants, together 
with many different forms. Among the plants here there may 
be mentioned various species of Cladonia and Peltigera, several 
mosses, Aguilegia Canadensis, Epigaea repens, Phlox pilosa. 
In the background of fig. 9 there may be seen several oak 
dunes. The view was taken in the winter and shows a dominance 
of oaks, but the scrub pines are scattered here and there on north- 
ern slopes or in exposed situations. zg. zz shows the seal 
of an active dune on the north slope of an oak dune with a 
wealth of oaks and a few scattered pines. Fig. 20 is ig — 
looking upon the north slope of an oak dune (taken m wie: 
ter). The pines are abundant at the base and scattered on the 
slope. A view of the south slope would show no pines at all. a 
The conditions for the origin and development of an oak a 
flora are obscure. At Grand Haven and Ludington the % 
flora appears to follow the basswood flora. Remnants . v2 
basswood flora are conspicuous in both places: Sassafras, sa 
melis, Vitis, Smilacina, Rhus Toxicodendron, Smilax, 5 co 
It may be that where the conditions are most favorable a i 
forest develops after the basswood, but the oak forest —_ and 
At any rate the maple forests are more prevalent northwar' 
the oak forests southward. While the oak fores atished 
Haven, Ludington, and Manistee are on steep, long-es¥# hen 
lee slopes, the oak forests at the south end of the lake me 
on rather low ridges, where the basswood may never haye ae 
vailed. 
