1896, Purposes of Ethno-Botany. 147 
the objects in the Hazzard collection clearly shows that they 
accomplished much by the use of very simple implements. 
The corn was planted by a pointed stick and hoed by a stick 
broadly flattened at one end. An examination of other man- 
ufactured articles of vegetal origin shows that these people 
were extremely provident; nothing was allowed to go to 
waste. Jt was too difficult a thing to carry the objects from 
below up the face of the cliff to their dwellings above, and 
use. If it no longer served one purpose, it was devoted to an- 
other. Mr. Cushing has shown that this care was due to certain 
superstitions which they held concerning the soul of objects, 
animate and inanimate. For example, when the hollowed 
out pumpkin no longer served the purpose of a jar it was. 
broken into pieces and the charred fragments served as a scrap- 
ig instrument. The worn out fibers of Yucca were also con- 
served and made useful. 
This careful husbanding of their resources may be directly 
traceable to two Causes; first, it was difficult to carry large 
and bulky articles from the level of the cafion to the rocky 
shelves above, for in Many cases steps had to be cut in the 
Perpendicular face of the rock, climbing being facilitated by 
ade climbing crooks, which afterwards were used by their 
7 cendants, the Pueblos, ceremonially; second, they lived in 
ay fegion, where the materials ready at hand for the va- 
a uses of domestic life were extremely limited, and where 
whi shel food supply was limited by the water supply, 
calle ‘Pestrine levels to the cliffs above. The ladder in the 
Yucca = the rounds of which are bound to the uprights by 
aMinat; r, fulfilled essentially the same purpose. An ex- 
to the on of the collection also shows that they had advanced 
e ate a double lever of the second class, for we find 
employing a pair of cedar forceps which Mr. Cushing 
used to pick cacti, too prickly to be gathered in the 
Waetured fo, - In fact a large number of the objects as man- 
Progress ; rom plants shows that they had made considerable 
the unc in the arts, and were less dependent, therefore, on 
OF fishi “tain supply of food afforded by following hunting 
ng. In other words, they were to a certain extent in- 
