78 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JANUARY 
elm leaves. The form is named Mycosphaerella Ulmi Klebahnt'. Both conidia 
_and ascospores produced identical mycelia in cultures. The Phleospora was 
produced by sowing ascospores on the under side of elm leaves. No infec- 
tion took place from spores sown on the upper surface. The study of Gloeo- 
sporium nervisequum (Fckl.) Sacc. revealed a rather complicated series of forms 
belonging to this fungus. An ascogenous stage develops on the dead leaves, 
asin Phleospora. This is Gnomonia Veneta Klebahn. Beside the usual conidial 
form and the ascogenous form, the fungus assumes thc form of a Myxosporium 
on the young branches, and there produces the twig wilt always noticed on 
sycamore trees affected with the Gloeosporium. A fourth form develops on 
the dead leaves. This is a conidial form of the Fusicoccum type. Proof of the 
connection of all these forms rests mainly in the similarity of the mycelia produced 
in pure cultures from the various spore forms. Infections could not be pro- 
duced readily, but a few cases of inoculation with ascospores were successful. 
The various spore forms have been described under different names, which are 
given in the synonymy.—H. HAssELBRING. 
Shore formations in Denmark.—WarmIN«, in collaboration with WESENBERG- 
Lunp and others in an interesting paper, has correlated the work of plants and 
animals in the shore formations of western Denmark.t? A “vad” is a shallow 
coastal lagoon, cut off from the sea proper by a line of islands, and bare at low 
tide; the bottom may be of sand or clay, the latter type prevailing in the more 
tranquil places. The sandworm, Arenicola marina, is the most characteristic 
animal of the sandy “‘vader”’ or shallows, and the excrements of this worm are 
found there in great abundance. Hence it has commonly been thought that 
these animals have a soil function, similar to that of the earthworm, and that they 
help to build up the shallow into a marsh. The authors, however, find that 
Arenicola is very sedentary in its habits, swallows only from surface layers, and 
that it retards rather than furthers soil enrichment. The waves wash any fine 
particles landward, leaving the Arenicola shallow as sandy as before and hence 
well adapted for the continued prosperity of Arenicola. In shallower water 
closer to the shore, where the bottom material is finer, the amphipod, Corophium 
grossipes, dominates; here the bottom is characteristically red-brown in colo1 
and presents a riddled surface appearance. e Corophium shallows teem with 
animal life, and here the influence of the animals is such as to convert the area 
somewhat rapidly into a marsh. To this work blue green algae contribute some- 
thing, but animals are much more important land builders than plants in the 
Corophium shallows. Large areas of land have been gained from the sea in this 
way in Denmark, and one case is cited where a fertile meadow has been developed 
from a barren sandy shallow within two hundred years. In the argillaceous 
tt Preliminary note in Zeitschr. Pfl. krankh. 12:257. 1902. 
12 WARMING, E., Bidrag til Vadernes, Sandenes, og Marskens Naturhistorie. In 
collaboration with Wesbrnies: LuND, OsTRUP , et al., with French résumé. Ko ngl. 
Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. VII. beak 1904. 
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