154 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [FEBRUARY 
a large number of endophytes, and his study enables him to distinguish four 
types: (1) type of Arum maculatum, hyphae intercellular after traversing the 
outer cells, their growth arrested by formation of simple terminal haustoria 
which penetrate the cortical cells; (2) type of Paris quadrifolia, hyphae intra- 
cellular, of indefinite growth, with complex lateral haustoria arising at definite 
points; (3) type of Hepaticae, hyphae intracellular, of indefinite growth, enter- 
ing via rhizoids and bearing haustoria transformed into sporangioles; (4) type 
of Orchideae, hyphae intracellular, of indefinite growth, forming tight pellets 
which are sometimes permanent and sometimes undergo more or less complete 
digestion. 
There is a remarkable uniformity in the constitution of the cell walls and 
in the cytological structure.’ Repeated attempts to isolate the fungi by direct 
extraction and by inoculation were unsuccessful. The first method failed, prob- 
ably because the fungus already in was already too much altered by the digestive 
action of the host, and the second leads the author to distrust utterly the identi- 
fications of previous authors. The endophytes, he holds, are saprophytes internes, 
which by their highly differentiated haustoria borrow some non-living nutritive 
material from the cells in which they live. These cells react very rapidly on the 
fungus, killing its haustoria, digesting and absorbing them in part; then they 
resume normal life, momentarily disturbed. It cannot be said that there 
is a harmonious symbiosis between the two plants, but rather a conflict between 
the caotine but little harmful, fungus and the cells which defend themselves 
by their digestive power—C. R. B 
Sexual reproduction of Stigeoclonium.—PascHeER in an account of the sexual 
reproduction of Stigeoclonium fasciculatum,*® touches briefly on the formation 
and behavior of the zoospores (macrospores), which in general agrees with that 
of other forms, but in a few cases the sporelings developed into filaments of a few 
cells only, which then formed in each cell a single four-ciliate zoospore (macro- 
spore) that developed like other zoospores. The microspores are four-ciliate and 
long motile; after losing their motility they become spherical and either form 
resting-cells, or (rarely) conjugate and form zygotes. The development of the 
latter was not followed, but from hasty observation he concludes that their germi- 
nation does not depart from that of the zoospores or the resting-cells. After an 
indefinite period the resting-cells germinate like the zoospores. Some, however, 
(akinetes or palmella stage), grow into a few-celled filament, each cell giving rise 
to four biciliate zoospores, resembling the microspores in size and activity, except 
that they will not conjugate but germinate at once like the zoospores 
Phylogenetically he claims for Stigeoclonium fasciculatum a position midway 
between Ulothrix and Draparnaldia, the three kinds of spores indicating that it 
is on the border-line of sexual reproduction. The same position was long ago 
claimed by Dopet-Porrt for Ulothrix zonata. But such generalizations will bear, 
8 Pascuer, A., Zur Kenntnis der geschlechtlichen Fortpflanzung bei Stigeo- 
clonium. Flora 95: 95-107. figs. 2. 1905. 
RS Ae NO ENR 
