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1906] CURRENT LITERATURE 223 
of substances by living protoplasm, a thing possible through a self-regulated 
change in the condition of permeability of the plasmatic membranes such that the 
organism is able at pleasure to reverse it.” He finds that the ferment of Roman 
bread and Chianti wine truly secretes invertase, by the augmentation of the 
permeability of the protoplasm during the period of fermentative activity. is 
increased permeability is general, various salts escaping more freely at the same 
time. In Mucor stolonijer, however, the emission of invertase seems to have the 
character of a free exit of materials from dying parts, coincident with spore 
formation. Whether it has a true but weak secreting power remains for further 
study.—C. R. B 
Respiration.— PALLADIN distinguishess three sources of the respiratory CO. 
of plants: (1) nucleo-CO, produced by the action of enzymes, which, partly 
soluble, partly insoluble in expressed sap, are intimately bound up with the pro- 
toplasm; (2) stimulation-CO,, formed by the protoplasm itself (apparently 
directly) under the action of stimuli; (3) oxydase-CO., produced various 
oxidases. The process which characterizes animal and plant life consists in the 
excretion of nucleo-CO, which is formed by decomposition without the partici- 
pation of atmospheric oxygen. Intramolecular respiration is a primary phe- 
nomenon, whose CO, is principally nucleo-CO, and in some cases also 
stimulation-CO,. But alcoholic fermentation is no simple phenomenon, and, 
as KostyrscHew has shown, must be distinguished from intramolecular respira- 
tion.— ub 
an and pear rot.— LonGyEAR?® has published the results of his study of 
a rot of apples and pears due to an undescribed species of Alternaria. The 
same disease has so far been found in California, Colorado, and Michigan, and 
in Colorado is one of the most widely distributed and common diseases of 
apples. PappocxK?7 was the first to cali attention to it. In the case of the 
apple the disease attacks the fruit only, but it attacks the fruit, leaves, and young 
sprouts of the pear. In the apple it appears frequently first at the blossom end 
of the fruit and, in the case of sorts having a deep calyx-tube, a core-rot may 
occur. The disease may be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture and 
plowing under or removing the diseased fruits in which the fungus is able to 
pass the winter.— E. Mrap WILcox. 
Reduction division.—The earliest enh were scat non- a seron, In 
phylogeny, according to SCHAFFNER,”® the conjugat 8 
25 PALLADIN, W., Ueber den verschiedenen Ursprung der wahrend der Atmung 
der Pflanzen ausgeschiedenen Kohlensaure. Vorlaufige Mitteilung. Ber. Deutsch. 
Bot. Gesells. 20: 240-247. 1905. . 
26 LoncyEar, B. O., A new apple rot. Bull. Col. Agric. Exp. Stat. ros: 1-12 
pls. I-4. 1905. 
27 PApDock, W., A new apple disease. Rept. Col. Exp. Stat. 17: 99. 1904 
28 SCHAFFNER, JOHN H., The nature of the reduction division and related phe- 
nomena. Ohio Naturalist 5:331-340- 1905. 
