374 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JUNE 
15 species of trees bearing scaly buds, the first leaf fundament 
in one (Betula alba) was present as early as May, in three at the 
beginning of June, in eight at the beginning of July, in two August 1, 
and in one not until September. The flowers were always formed 
later than the leaves. Some of the naked buds he found to start 
early in the previous season (Elaeagnus, Cornus); others, as for 
instance Robinia Pseudacacia, did not start until the spring of the 
year in which they were to unfold. He found that in general the 
buds were further progressed at the beginning of the winter the 
farther north the plants were native. 
BEHRENS? found that in fruit trees the Sewers are first distin- 
guishable at a later date, as for example, in the cherry during July, 
and in the pear about August 11, 
My own observations lead me to believe that in many cases the 
fundaments are present quite early. The buds of the peach were 
well formed July 15, and small buds were evident in the leaf-axils 
of forest trees as early as June 1. This suggests that, in some cases 
at least, the bud fundament may be present as early as the unfolding 
of the previous winter’s buds. 
Those that start quite early have usually reached an advanced stage 
in development by the time cold weather overtakes them in the 
fall. The rudimentary flower or shoot for the next season, together 
with all its organs, is present in the buds of some species, as for 
instance in the horsechestnut; while in others a varying number 
of nodes and internodes are thus stored. To inclose so elaborate 
a structure a certain number of leaves have been modified into 
scales which closely overlap, or are firmly cemented together at 
their edges around the young shoot. Such buds are found espe- 
cially upon treés and shrubs with definite annual growth. The 
scales are usually composed of several layers of parenchymatous 
cells with intercellular spaces, moderately firm and slightly cuti- 
nized epidermis, on the inner side, and a very strong heavily cuti- 
nized outer epidermis, usually supported by mechanical tissue of 
varying amount beneath. The parenchymatous cells of all or 
3 BEHRENS, J., Entwickelung und Bau der Bliitenknospen unserer Obstbaume 
und Obststraucher. Gartenflora 4'7:269. 1898. 
4 For published descriptions of bud structure see: BEHRENS, J., /. ¢.; FEIST, 
A., Ueber die Schutzeinrichtungen der Laubknospen dicotyler Laubbaume wahrend 
