1906] WIEGAND—BUDS AND TWIGS IN WINTER 415 
the results of varnishing are important to us here. The naked 
buds of pine in every case began to dry and shrivel up after only a 
few days’ exposure, and were quite dead long before the time for them 
toopen. There seems no doubt whatever that the varnish preserved 
the pine buds by preventing loss of water. Without the varnish 
the pine was one of the first to succumb. That this thin layer of 
varnish replaced effectively the thick layer of scales is also good evi- 
dence toward the idea that the scales do not function by causing 
temperature modifications. 
To determine just how much more water is lost from buds without 
scales the following experiment was performed. Several buds 
of Pinus Laricio and horsechestnut were separated from the trees 
by an incision at the base of the bud and the scales were removed 
from all. One-half were quickly varnished, weighed, and placed 
in the open air at —18° C., while the other half without varnish were 
weighed and exposed at once. Care was taken to seal up the cut end 
in both sets so that no water could escape that would not if the 
buds had remained on the trees. After three days at a temper- 
ature of —18° C. to —7° C. the results were as follows: 
Orig. aa Final weight| Dry weight | Per cent. HO 
Pinus Laricio—continued frozen: 
Wath Trid-ecales. oo... caus eck 2.658m | 2.6158™)| 1.358™ 2.7 
Without bud-scales.....:......... 1.28 0.96 0.58 45-0 
Aesculus hippocastanum—cont. frozen: 
Ser Btieh ain bet Go oe es Fk 4.03 4.02 1.80 pia 
Peel aap EAicice alias 18 ic oso oases 2.21 1.94 1.04 33.0 
uring experiment by bring- 
ing into the laboratory: 
With tead-deales. 35 c5 sis val es 5.30 5.28 2.26 0.65 
_ Without bud-scales..............- 2.01 1.66 0.93 32.0 
Syringa vulgaris—continued frozen 
With Dich -atated 5 i405 awe cas i a 1.133 0.52 2.8 
Without Sekxeabes Dell Sew ike elars ©.41 0.32 0.18 39.0 
I think that nothing could show better than these experiments 
the very great difference in amount of water transpired by buds 
protected by scales and those having none. No wonder that the 
loss of water oversteps the critical point and causes the destruc- 
tion of the tissues. 
