1899 ] TOXIC EFFECT OF DELETERIOUS AGENTS 379 
coefficient 498. This high resistance of Penicillium in regard to 
the death-point may be partly due to the tendency of the spores 
to adhere in bunches in making the inoculation, a difficulty never 
fully overcome. 
In table II a comparison of the chemical affinities of the 
different acids tested by seven methods is given. 
TABLE II. 
CHEMICAL AFFINITIES OF ACIDS. 
HCN |” Tri. Di. Mono, | Acetic | HS o,| HNO, | HCl Acid 
=) 02.3 | 25.3 4.9 Tua? G52 99.6 100 | Relative ionization in = 
sol. 
| 68 23 4.3 ~34\.. 74 g2 100 | Catalysis of methyl ace- 
e 
63 18 Ce He eae | 67 110 100 | Catalysis of calcium 
xalate ; 
e | 82 34 9:21 184 8 102 100 | Neutralizing hydroxids 
po 19-4.| 27 4.9 4:\ 93 100. 100 | Invertion of cane sugar 
= 199.7 | 62.4 | 17.2 | 4.7 | 72-9 | 99 100 | Multirotations of dext- 
rose 
200+/200 100+ |100 25 100 100 100 Physiological action on 
upinus 
7966 [255 |359 |396 |277 | 112 163 100 | Ditto, on molds 
Line 1 gives the relative ionization of these acids (except 
HCN) in normal solution. HCl being the basis of comparison 
here as in the succeeding tests is given 100 units. Line 2 gives 
the relative powers of the different acids to promote the well 
: known catalysis of methyl acetate in aqueous solution. Line 3 
= gives their relative activity in decomposing calcium oxalate. 
Line 4 gives Ostwald’s (’g!) determinations of their relative 
affinities for hydroxids. Line 5 gives their relative activity 
Minverting cane sugar. 
: The correspondence of the results presented on lines is 
_ With the ionization data on line 1 is certainly quite striking. 
Arrhenius (’83) was the first to point out this close numerical 
‘greement. Since the publication of his work in 1883 the ee 
as taken firm hold on many chemists that the ionized — 
ofan acid and that only is chemically active. Whetham (’95) 
