98 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [AUGUST 
pronounced wind effects. In places many seedling trees may be 
found, though the distribution of these is curiously irregular. In 
one place only did I find any other tree, and that was a single speci- 
men of the prince’s pine, Pinus Banksiana. 
If it be asked why the white spruce is the first tree to develop 
on these plains instead of some other of those growing on the upland 
near by, I can only say that an answer must wait until we know 
something about the physiology of the white spruce and of other 
trees of the vicinity. 
We turn next to the swales, those long open hollows carpeted 
by a close turf, and bordered by spruces. The general appearance 
Fic. 10.—Highly developed swale, looking south; on the left is the edge of _ 
sandy woods with old trees, and on the right a line of much younger trees, here muc 
larger than usual. 
of the turf is well shown on the right in fig. 8, and extremely well 
in jig. 10, which shows perhaps the best-developed of all the swales. 
The turf is a good deal modified in vegetation by the grazing of 
cattle and horses, yet its general characters show plainly enough 
Originating in the outer hollows with the strawberry, as alrea®y 
noted, the real turf begins with the red fescue grass, Festuca rubra 
(Ff. ovina rubra), which soon drives out the strawberry. To this, * Z 
becomes compact in the inner hollows, other grasses are rapidly 
added, especially the June grass, Poa pratensis, and then the brow? 
top, Agrostis alba. After these comes a rush, Juncus Vaseyi, 2 
the little sedge, Carex Oederi. Very likely, also, there are other 
