104 BOTANICAL GAZETTE 
opment, both in number and size, of the white spruce trees, to which 
are added some deciduous trees and shrubs. And where the hollows a 
dip lower than usual, and towards the upland in places, this forest 
merges to alder and cedar swamp. 4 
We consider first the woods carpet. Morphologically it is a — 
direct development of the juniper mats of the outer zones, though — 
but little juniper, aside from occasional erect shoots, is left. With 
it persist some of its earlier associates, the rock cranberry, three- 
leaved cinquefoil, some grasses, the bearberry, and the reindeer 
lichen, varying in their respective development according to situa- 3 
tion. To these are now added dwarf plants of the bunchberry, — 
Cornus canadensis, the twin flower, Linnaea borealis americana, — 
Pyrola chlorantha, the pipsissewa, Chimaphila umbellata, and an — 
abundant brown moss, which has been identified for me by Mr. 
A. J. Grout as Aulacomnium palustre, a typical swamp moss. 
Upon this carpet develop a few larger forms, especially the abundant 
wild sarsaparilla, Aralia -nudicaulis, the gooseberry, Ribes oxy- 
acanthoides, the dwarf raspberry, Rubus triflorus, with others less 
conspicuous. 
We consider next the trees of these woods. First in importance 
and size, far surpassing all others in both respects, is the white spruce: 
It attains a height of perhaps 7.5™, a diameter near the groun 
of perhaps 45°™, and it exhibits over 100 annual rings, though per- 
haps some may be much older than those I counted, which were 
cut by the residents for wood. The next to appear is the balsam 
fir, Abies balsamea, becoming somewhat abundant and character- 
ized by a spruce-like arrangement of its leaves all around the stems- 
Then follow the red maple, Acer rubrum, the aspen, Populus trem- 
uloides, the paper birch, Betula alba papyrifera (in very small trees 
however), and the mountain ash, Pyrus americana; while the 
common undershrubs are the red dogwood, Cornus stolonijera, 
and the black alder, Ilex verticillata. There are probably scme 
others, but these I believe are all that are notable. 
In especially low places, such as in certain hollows, and at the 
contact of plain and upland, the conditions verge towards those of 
Te SSE eS a Tete me) | ia tote Rage ab tere rea ana pal LS SORE Se Renee ora) 
