1909] CARTER— EVOLUTION OF THE CITY OF ROME. 135 



Thus was created what the topographers call " the city of the 

 four regions."^'' It would be preferable to use the old Roman 

 term urbs et capitolium, for this city, the urhs did indeed contain 

 four regions, but apart from the city though inclosed in the same 

 wall was the citadel, the capitolium.-'^ Such an arrangement is in 

 itself an added proof that the Palatine was not the ruling spirit. 

 The Etruscans coming from without were free from prejudice and 

 chose the Capitoline as their citadel simply because it offered su- 

 perior advantages from the fortificatory standpoint. 



On the Capitoline arose the Etruscan temple of Jupiter, Juno 

 and Minerva. It is strange that the Etruscan character of this cult 

 has not been more readily recognized. Minerva herself is more 

 than half an Etruscan deity, hitherto unknown to Rome,-^ and the 

 triad, Jupiter-Juno-Minerva, is a favorite among the Etruscans. 

 The temple was built in the Etruscan style by Etruscan workmen 

 and the ornamentation and the very images of the gods came from 

 Etruria.-- 



With the coming of the Etruscans begins a tradition which has 

 in part an historical value. This tradition presents us with the 

 figure of Servius Tullius, unquestionably a real person, probably the 



^^ " Die Vierregionenstadt " of the Germans. I do not know of any 

 instances of the term in antiquity. The ancient term seems to have been 

 urbs et capitolium. 



'" The capitolium had of course a protecting wall of its own. This is 

 clear from the fact that it was capable of being held against the Gauls, even 

 after the Gauls had captured the city proper. The other hill-top oppida 

 which were included in the urbs certainly had walls of their own, but these 

 walls probably ceased to be kept up after the large surrounding wall was 

 built. In the case of the Capitolium however the original wall was pre- 

 served and probably strengthened. 



"^ jNIinerva has no festival in the old calendar, the so-called calendar of 

 Numa. The Quinquatrus which occurs in that calendar and which is ordi- 

 narily associated with Minerva had originally no connection with her, but 

 belonged entirely to Mars. Minerva's cult seems to have originated at 

 Falerii and to have spread from there into Etruria and also into Rome. 

 On Minerva, cp. Wissowa in Roscher's Lexikon, s. v. Minerva, and " Religion 

 und Kultus," p. 203 ; and Carter, " Religion of Numa," p. 44 ff. 



"The image of Jupiter came from Etruria; compare Pliny (N. H., 

 XXXV., 157) and Ovid (F., I., 201 fif.) ; also the quadriga on the roof 

 (Pliny, /. c). The workmen employed on the temple gave the name to the 

 Vicus Tuscus, where they lived. 



