138 CARTER— EVOLUTION OF THE CITY OF ROME. [April 22, 



catastrophe, was that particular form of the city which the topog- 

 raphers call " the city of four regions " and which was more fa- 

 miliarly known in history as urbs et capitolium. 



In the first place we note the permanency of the phrase urbs et 

 capitolium^^ and we ask whether it is likely that the phrase would 

 have obtained such immortality if the form of the city to which 

 it was applicable had so soon given way to the other form, the so- 

 called Servian city. The permanence of the name seems to argue 

 for the long existence of that particular city from which the name 

 was derived. In the second place the annals of religion offer us 

 in this early period at least this knowledge, namely, the establish- 

 ment of temples to various deities more or less strangers to Rome, 

 in the region outside of the pomerium.^° One of the most important 

 of these deities was Diana. She came into the religious life of 

 the state merely because of her connection with the Latin league, 

 and her temple was not a 'temple of Rome alone but of the whole 

 league.^^ This temple was situated on the Aventine,^- and while 

 of course it was outside the pomerium it has always been difficult 

 to understand why Rome made bold to put a league temple inside 

 her city wall, when all the expanse of the Campus Martins was at 

 her disposal. But if as we are now supposing the Aventine also was 

 a suburb, the difficulty disappears. Conversely when the temple of 

 Apollo^^ was built, while it must of necessity have been outside the 

 pomerium, it is difficult to see why it should have been placed in 

 the exposed Cam.pius Martins, when there was the possibility of 

 placing it on the Aventine itself outside the pomerium but sup- 



^^Urbs et capitolium occurs; Caesar de bell. civ. i, 6, 7; Liv. 3, 18, 0; 

 cp. Liv. 38, 51, 13; Flor. Epit. 2, 6, 45; Jord. Rom. 202. 



^°A useful list of these temples and their dates is given in Wissowa's 

 "Religion und Kultus," p. 516 ff. It is based largely on E. Aust, de sedibus 

 sacris populi Romani unde a primis liberse reipublicas temporibus usque ad 

 August! imperatoris setatem Romae conditis. Marburg, 1889. 



^'Cp. Carter, "Religion of Numa," p. 53 ff. ; Wissowa, "Religion und 

 Kultus," p. 198 ff. and in P. W. sub verbo. Diana came into the worship of 

 the league as the goddess of Aricia. 



'"For the question of the exact location of this temple, cp. Jordan- 

 Huelsen, "Topographic," I. 3, p. 158 ff. It is found on fragment 3 of the 

 Forma Urbis Romse. 



^^ On the temple of Apollo, cp. Jordan-Huelsen, " Topographic," p. 535 ff. 



