1909.] AND THE ORIGIN OF JUDAISM. 367 



sents the quintessence of the old moral and religious precepts/^ 

 which was probably extracted by the prophets^^ in the seventh cen- 

 tury, after Israel had fallen in b. c. 721, and which was afterwards 

 still more concentrated by Jesus.^* 



According to later Judaic tradition, Abraham came from Ur of 

 the Chaldees, and went afterwards to Egypt (Genesis, xii., 10). 

 The same source states that Abraham had an Egyptian concubine 

 (Genesis, xvi., i''). The object of such statements as we find, e. g., 

 in Genesis, xliii., 32, is to emphasize the fact that the Egyptians, 

 among whom the Edomite ancestors of the Jews sojourned for some 

 time, considered themselves superior to the forefathers of the 

 Israelites. Genesis, xxvii., 36 (compare xxv., 33) explains how it 

 happened that the Israelites in the north possessed a higher civili- 

 zation than their Edomite brethren in the south. The Israelites 

 were peasants ; the Edomites, on the other hand, semi-nomadic shep- 

 herds. Sons of Leah means cozvboys; Sons of Rachel, shep- 

 herds .^^ The statement that Joseph, the father of Ephraim and 

 Manasseh, was a Son of Rachel, must be viewed in the same light as 

 the tradition that the Israelites were in Egypt (compare above, 

 page 359. line 19). 



The ancient Egyptians called themselves Worshipers of Horus, 

 the god of light. This deity may be ultimately identical with the 

 god of the Sinaitic volcano. Harr is the Arabic term for volcanic 

 regions. In the Old Testament we find harerhn in Jeremiah, xvii., 

 6. Nahor, which was originally the name of an Aramaic deity, can 

 hardly be connected with Horus.^^ 



" Compare the Johns Hopkins University Circulars, No. 163 (June, 1903) 

 page 59; A. H. McNeile, The Book of Exodus (London, 1908) page 

 xlvii; Ed. Meyer, Geschichte der Altertums, vol. i., part 2 (Stuttgart, 

 1909) page 450. 



^' Compare Exodus, xxii., 17-xxiii., 19. 



^ See my paper The Religion of the Hebrew Prophets in the Transactions 

 of the Third International Congress for the History of Religions (Oxford, 

 1908) vol. i., p. 270. 



"See Matthew, xxii., 40; vii., 12; compare Romans, xiii., 9. 



°° Heb. leah = cow, rachel =: ewe. See my paper on Leah and Rachel in 

 the Zeitschrift fiir die alttesfamcntliche Wissenschaft, Vol. xxxix. (Giessen, 

 1909), pp. 281-286. 



°'For Horus in Old Testament names see Cheyne's Encyclopccdia 

 Biblica, col. 3304, §81. 



PROC. AMER. PHIL. SOC, XLVIII. I93 Y, PRINTED JANUARY 5, I9IO. 



