Use of Auxiliary Verbs in Rojnance Languages. 9 



bute it, first, to the close relation of meaning existing between 

 tencrc and habere, which accounts for the indiscriminate use 

 of the one for the other in the beginning ; secondly, to the 

 fact that haber, by its very meaning, was adapted to the ex- 

 pression of abstract ideas ; because, taking into consideration 

 the great importance of that development of new auxiliaries 

 in Spanish and Portuguese, it cannot be admitted that a law 

 of mere euphony, as Diez suggests, has occasioned such a 

 development. New auxiliaries, are not produced to avoid too 

 frequent a repetition of one already existing, but really because 

 new ones, more expressive and more convenient to convey the 

 thoughts, offer themselves. 



In tracing the history of haber and tener in Spanish, the 

 period of the language at which the two verbs had nearly the 

 same meaning and were used almost indifferently in the same 

 sentences has been shown ; as also the period at which they 

 became distinct in use, one of them even losing its independ- 

 ent existence. The same phenomenon may be observed in 

 Portuguese. A few instances will suffice. 



Haber. Tener. 



// canzoniere Portoghese {Monad's editioti). 



Tenheu por gram maravilha . . no 

 Que nu ca teneste por ben . . . 128 



Poys mal ne bem de vos no ey 

 quanto ben auya perdi . 

 E po mhavedes g m des amor 

 Poys no auedes merce de mi . 

 Q no ey en my forza ni poder 

 Cura no auedes 



100 



loS 



130 



366 



Des q mespertey ouiu gra peser. Mais tenho q xha errou o iograr. 

 Si vos pecado avedes- .... 470 

 Per sonho mu g m vergonca ave- 

 des 982 



In the Canzoniere, as we see, haver is by far the most in 



use ; /trhas rather the meaning of ' esteeming, thinking,' than 



'possessing.' 



Harduug's Romanceiro Portiiguez. 



E tres irmaos que havia . . . 159 Uma so filha que tendes .... 16 



Chorava e razao havia .... 161 Uma irma que eu tinha .... 31 



Ja se foram as galleras. As tres azenhas que tenho. 



Que Dom Duardos havia . .' . 161 Tendes los olhos bonitos .• . . 97 



39 



