Use of Auxiliary Verbs in Romance Languages. 13 



more lasting and more emphatic conception. This is, of 

 course, the natural result of the stronger and more concrete 

 meaning of tcner, as compared with the weaker and more 

 abstract one of Jiaber. 



A greater predominance has been accorded to the new 

 auxiliary in Portuguese than in Spanish ; for while in the 

 latter tcner allows Jiabcr to play a very important part in the 

 conjugation of verbs, or replaces it only in special cases, ter 

 in Portuguese has become the true auxiliary, and haver is 

 very seldom met. The following quotations will show ler 

 superseding the auxiliary haver, as ter principal verb had 

 superseded haver principal verb. 



Haber. Tener. 



// canzoniere Portoghese. 



Se qr do q Ihy auia emp stado. Ora senhor tenho muyt agisado . 220 



Nostvo senhor se averez guydado 130 Ora tenho guysado de marchar . 952 

 Gram pecado avedes de mi coy- 



tado 131 



P"^ qua te mal ey levado . . . 145 



Que muyto mel avia jurado . . 145 



Mays p"" q mha mentido . . . 250 



Q Iheu avya mandado . . . . 413 



Muytos anos avemos passados . 455 



Pois me avedes preguntado . . 903 

 Ca hu iudeu avedes enganado. * 



Hurdlings Romanceiro Portuguez. 



O falcilo perdido havia .... 47 Tenho feito juramento .... 25 

 Que nunca me has mentido . . 106 Aonde nunca tinha ido. 

 Ou grande traicao ha sido . . . no Acorda ja bella infanta. 



Triste sommo tens dormido . . 11 r 

 Pois tudo tendes ouvido . , . 113 



Anfologia Portiignesa. 



Um cantar d'amig ha feyto . . 10 D'aver coita muita tefi'eu guisado . 46 



Mays pois m'o houveran dito . . 10 Tinha o cavallo sellado .... 63 



Ca muitos annos avemos passados 20 A morte tenho passada .... 69 

 Pregunlal-o-ey porque me ha des- 



pagado 25 



43 



