Use of Auxiliary Verbs in Romance Languages. 15 



Haber. Tener. 



* Collcccao lie Tra fades {sixfeeniii century) por Biker, 



Algunos Portugueses a que vos 

 alteza tern dado credito ... 7 



Tinha ganado Urmuz 25 



Enquiry coes que sobre a dita morte 

 tenho tiradas 52 



Os portos que tynheis ganhado aos 

 Mouros 25 



A ilha de Maquiem que tinhao to- 

 rnado . . . ■ C2 



I have found no other instances of Jiavcr in the first part 

 of the Tratados. 



Chapter II. — Auxiliaries used with Intransitive Verbs. 



The question concerning the use of iiabcrc and tencre as 

 independent verbs or as auxiliaries to transitive verbs, is easy 

 to study and to solve. In Italian, French, and Provengal, 

 Jiabcre is now and has always been the only auxiliary. In 

 the preceding rapid sketch, it has been shown that the use 

 of two auxiliaries in Spanish and Portuguese is due to the 

 antagonism and particular development of two words having 

 originally a similar meaning. But the question of the use of 

 auxiliaries with intransitive verbs is of a quite different kind, 

 and fraught with many difficulties. An historical treatment 

 of that question in French and Italian needs be quite exten- 

 sive. The task is easier in Spanish and Portuguese, since 

 these languages, yielding more to the power of analogy in 

 their conjugational system than either French or Italian, 

 have employed a single auxiliary for their intransitive conju- 

 gation, — at lea.s't, during the last three or four centuries. 



Let us examine the question in each of the Romance 

 languages. 



I. Auxiliaries used zvith Intransitive Verbs in French. 



Two auxiliaries are used in compound tenses of the French 

 intransitive verbs : avoir and etre. The derivation of avoir 



45 



