6 A. H. Edgren, 



outside of the present-system ^ or in derivative words. To be 

 sure, we have beside the participial form ksitd also kslnd 

 'destroyed,' but the latter is usually understood to be one of 

 the common participles in -na. The root of the correspond- 

 ing Greek verb (p&Lvo) ' perish ' is (f)di-, which occurs every- 

 where outside the present-system. Also KrlvvvfiL 'kill' has 

 been suggested as a parallel form, and Curtius supposes its 

 root to be ktiv, a weakened form of ktuv = Skr. ksaji. If the 

 words are connected, the double nasal of ktIvvv^l may, how- 

 ever, be explained as owing to a phonetic doubling between 

 two vowels, — a process that is not uncommon, — or else, as 

 Curtius suggests, to a special weakening in Greek. And 

 even if ksiii, in spite of strong evidence to the contrary, be 

 considered as a genuine root, its conjugation iii analogy with 

 ksa?i, of kindred form and meaning, would not be any more 

 anomalous than the inflection of nominal ///-stems in analogy 

 with (7;/-stems ; and the present formation of ksan, as will be 

 shown, is not ksaji-o-ini, but ksa-no-mi. 



It is evident from these facts that arn, gJiarn, and ksiii 

 are, in all probability, mere figments or pseudo-roots, which 

 the Hindu grammarians have foisted into their root-lists with- 

 out any good reason, and which consequently should be 

 cancelled altogether, — as, indeed, they are, very rationally, 

 in Whitney's grammar, in the enumeration of the /<7;/-verbs 

 (§ 713, and Root-supplement). 



We come next to the five roots in -an: ksan 'destroy,' tan 

 'stretch,' man 'think,' van 'win, like,' sa7i 'reach.' As their 

 nasal occurs not only in the present-system, but also, with 

 few exceptions, outside of that system and in derivatives, it 

 has been considered both by native and western grammarians 

 as pertaining to the radical forms underlying the whole con- 

 jugation-system of each of the verbs. Serious objections 

 having been made, however, to this view by a few scholars, it 

 will be necessary, before explaining the formation of the 

 present stems of above verbs, to try to determine the nature 

 of their nasal. 



^ Brugman quotes ksenisydti, for which I can find no authority. 

 22 



