Kings Peace and EnglisJi Peace-Magistracy. 3 



the clan with which the student of Aryan society is primarily 

 concerned ; for, long before the beginning of positive history, 

 the clan or gens had superseded the family as the starting- 

 point of political life.i But the clan was merely the expanded 

 form of the family, and like the latter it was held together 



lognes, IV, 209; and by Aristotle, Politics, Book I, 2: Jowett, I, 2 ff. Cf. Maine, 

 Ancient Law, 120 ff., 250; Freeman, Comparative Politics, 87-90. 



" Mag auch Sokrates bei Plato den Ursprung der Staatsgemeinschaft von der 

 mangelnden Selbstgeniigsamkeit oder Aristoteles denselben von dem Geselligkeits- 

 triebe des Menschen ableiten, immer sind es nicht blosse Individuen, sondern 

 bereits Familien, die das natUrliche oder sittliche Bediirfnis zusammenfiihrt; und 

 die Familie bleibt deshalb auch fortwahrend das Vorbild fiir die grosseren Gemein- 

 schaften, zu welchen sich die Gesellschaft allmahlich erweitert. Die durch Bande 

 des Bluts verkniipfte Hausgemeinde ist der natiirlichste Staatsverein, die patri- 

 archalische Monarchie des Familienhauptes die urspriinglichste Regierungsform " : 

 Hermann, Lehrbuch der griechischeji Antiqiiit'dten, I, 29-30. On the patriarchal 

 family as the unit of society, cf. Schrader, Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte, 

 394-5, 379 ff.; Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 705-45, II, 451-72; Gilbert, 

 Handlmch der griechischen StaatsalterthiiiJier, II, 302, 262; Maine, Village Com- 

 munities, 15 ff.; lb., A7icient Law, chap. V; Fustel de Coulanges, Ancient City, 

 III ff.; Hearn-, Aryan LLousekold, chaps. Ill, IV; Leist, Alt-Arisches yus Gen- 

 tium, 37 ff., 341-2, 349, 354, 420 ff.; Lange, Romische Alterthiimer, I, 102 ff.; 

 Herzog, Romische Staatsverfassung, I, 10—19 (an excellent account of the evolu- 

 tion of Roman social groups) ; Miiller, Handbtuh der klassischen Alterthums- 

 IVissenschaft, IV, 17-22; Schomann, Athenian Constitutional History, 3-12; 

 Morris, The Aryan Race, 107 ff. 



Morgan, Ancient Society, 383-508, traces the growth of the family from original 

 promiscuity through various successive forms before the monogamian is reached. 

 See also McLennan, Studies in Ajicient IListory, for theories of promiscuity, 

 endogamy, exogamy, and marriage by capture. These two works are discussed 

 by Maine, Early Law and Ctistom, chap. VII, and by Lubbock, Origin of Civil- 

 ization, 50-113. McLennan is criticised by Herbert Spencer, Principles of Soci- 

 ology, Part III, and by Morgan, pp. 509 ff. The whole subject is reviewed in a 

 thorough manner by Wake, The Development of Marriage and Kinship (London, 

 1889); and preceding writers are sharply criticised by Starcke, The Primitive 

 Family (New York, 1889), who gives a useful bibliography. For India, see the 

 work of Leist already cited; also J. D. Mayne, Hindu Law and Usage, 35-87; 

 and Lyall, Asiatic Studies, chap. VIII. On the Arab tribal groups the admirable 

 book of W. R. Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Pearly Arabia, should be con- 

 sulted. 



1 Fustel de Coulanges, Ancient City, 141 ff. ; Maine, Ancient Law, 256, 123-4; 

 //'., Early Laio and Custom, chap. VII; Dahn, Deutsche Geschichte, I, 183 ff. 

 " With the word gens the political fainily is designated " : Puchta, Lnstitutionen, 

 1,75- 



237 



