DKUMLINS. 547 



across the river to the west. They cover the first range of hills above 

 the highest terrace and rise one behind the other, their long, curviuo- lines 

 overlapping repeatedly and forming an ideal drumliu landscape. Standing 

 on top of the tallest of these hills east of the village of Bernardston and 

 looking southward, one can see the train of drunilins crossing the plain, 

 where they are in part submerged in the Champlain sands, and then risino- 

 high upon the great mass of Triassic sandstone which forms the town of 

 Gill, though not reaching its top. The surface of the sandstone beyond 

 and higher up is molded into druralin-like forms. Descending the south- 

 ward slopes of the sandstone mass, or following the eastward side of the 

 valley southward, one finds no drumlins except a single small but well- 

 foraied one beside the railroad just north of the station in Whately. Nor 

 is any trace of them to be seen north of or up the north slope of Mount 

 Toby, which holds a situation in the valley quite similar to the Gill mass. 



It is a peculiarity of these hills in Bernardston that while they in 

 many places obscure the geology of the region fatally, the interspaces are 

 over considerable areas almost driftless, so that, outside the regular oval 

 base of the hill, fragments on the surface are quite safe indications of the 

 ledges which lie but a little distance below. 



As indicated upon the map the boundary of the crystalline rocks 

 which form the western border of the valley follows the east line of Ber- 

 nardston near the river and then turns west along the south line of that 

 town and Leyden, and again south along the west line of Greenfield, 

 Deerfield, and Whately, to Northampton, where it is again set back by the 

 width of the latter town, and runs thence southerly to the south line of 

 the State. Along this sloping border of the valley between Greenfield and 

 Northampton runs a train of drumlins, some having their bases nearly 100 

 feet above the level of the high terrace sands (Northampton high ten-ace 

 306 feet, Greenfield 3.57 feet, above sea), while others are more or less 

 submerged in these sands; indeed, in several cases wholly submerged and 

 beautifully regular drumlins have been exposed in the extensive railroad 

 cuttings up this side of the valley. In one most interesting case at the 

 Camp Meeting cutting on the north line of Northampton (see PI. XV), 

 what seemed to be a broad terrace of coarse sand contained, to the 

 dismay of the contractors, a fine drumlin of rocky hardness which had 

 to be blasted away in front of the steam shovel, and was capped by 



