198 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [vox. 48 
always a main row, generally of five or about five teeth, very often 
a secondary row, and in other types a third one. 
In the common carp (Cyprinus) there are generally said to be 
three rows of “ molar” teeth, but there are only three teeth in the 
main row and one in each of the others; in the nearly related gold- 
fish (Carassius) there is only one row of teeth which are “ scalpri- 
form’”’; in the barbel (Barbus) the teeth are again in three rows 
(five in the main one, three in the next and two in the third) and 
“ cochleariform ” or excavated like a spoon. These kinds of teeth 
are coordinate with a very long intestine. 
In the chub and roach (Leucitscus) the teeth have pinched or 
“contusory ”’ crowns and are uniserial and five or six in a row; in 
the rudd (Scardinius) they are “ raptatorial”” and in two rows (five 
in main, three in secondary). The intestinal canal concomitant with 
these hooked teeth is more or less abbreviated. 
Such are examples of four of the modifications of the pharyngeal 
dentition recognized by Johann Jakob Heckel. That author, as the 
result of prolonged studies of the dental characteristics of the 
Cyprinids, formulated in 1842 an elaborate classification of the teeth 
and this has been the basis of and standard for most of the work 
since done on the parts in question. Heckel’s essay was buried in 
a publication accessible to but few—Joseph Russegger’s “ Reisen 
in Europa, Asien und Afrika,” etc. Most of it is contained in the 
first volume (second part, pp. 1001-1043). An author’s edition of 
Heckel’s ichthyological contributions to Russegger’s work was pub- 
lished in 1843 (258 pp., 22 pl.). 
The species were ranked under genera characterized in the first 
place by the form and number of teeth, the genera were combined 
under tribes distinguished by characters drawn from the mouth, 
lips, cirrhi, position of preopercle, and form of dorsal and anal fins 
as well as their spines. Thus was a natural classification attempted. 
To facilitate comprehension and description of the pharyngeal 
dentition, a detailed classification of the kinds of armature inde- 
pendent of the collective characters of the tribes was prefixed. 
On account of its usefulness and the rarity of the work in which 
the essay was published the following outline is given: 
I. Macroentri. (Elongate alimentary canal.) 
A. Dentes ExcAvati. Hohlzahne. (Teeth excavated.) 
Dentes cochleariformes. Loffelzahne. (Teeth spoonlike.)—Barbus 
barbus. (Barbel.) 
Dentes paleeformes. Schaufelzihne. (Teeth spadelike.)—Capocta 
(or Scaphiodon) capoeta. (Capoeta.) 
