GILL] THE FAMILY OF CYPRINIDS 199 
B. DentTes MASTICATORII. Kauzahne. (Teeth for grinding.) 
Dentes aggregati. Pflasterzahne. (Teeth crowded.)—Labeo niloticus. 
Dentes molares. Mahlzahne. (Teeth molariform.)—Cyprinus carpio. 
(Carp.) 
Dentes calyciformes. Becherzahne. (Teeth cuplike.)—Carpio kol- 
lariit. (Hybrid between Carp and Karass.) 
Dentes scalpriformes. Meisselzahne. (Teeth chisellike or scalpri- 
form. )—Carassius carassius, (Karass.) 
Dentes pectiniformes. Kammzahne. (Teeth comblike.)—Catostomus 
commersonii. (Sucker.) 
Dentes cultriformes. Messerzahne. (Teeth knifelike or cultriform.} 
—Chondrostoma nasus. 
II. BracHyentri. (Shortened alimentary canal.) 
C. DENTES UNCINATO-SUBMOLARES. Hakenzahne mit Kauflachen. (Teeth 
hooked and with grinding surfaces.) 
Dentes clavati. Keulenzahne. (Teeth clublike.)—Tinca  tinca. 
(Tench. ) 
Dentes contusorii. Driickzahne. (Teeth bruising.)—Rutilus rutilus. 
(Roach.) Abramis brama. (Bream.) 
Dentes prehensiles. Greifzahne. (Teeth prehensile.)—Notropis cor- 
nutus. (Redfin. ) 
D. DENTES UNCINATO-SUBCONICI. Hakenzahne ohne Kauflachen. (Teeth 
hooked and without grinding surfaces.) 
Dentes raptatorii. Fangzahne. (Teeth raptatorial.)—Lenciscus ce- 
phalus. (Chub.) Scardinius erythrophthalmus. (Rudd.) Idus 
idus. (Ide.) Aspius aspius. (Asp.) Gobio gobio. (Gudgeon.) 
Dentes voratorii. Wirgezahne. (Teeth for strangling.) Barilius 
niloticus. Danio alburna. 
It must be distinctly understood, as Heckel himself recognized, 
that this arrangement is one of the pharyngeal teeth alone and 
not one of the fishes. Nor is the arrangement of the genera under 
tribes a natural one. A natural classification of the family is still 
a desideratum and one not likely to be discovered for many years 
to come. Only by a comparative study of the anatomy and espe- 
cially of the bones can a natural system be obtained. Two most 
important agencies will be requisite to this end, (1) a collection 
of skeletons of the genera (disarticulated so that all parts may be 
examined) and (2) a man prepared to utilize it; the former might 
be procured without extreme difficulty and without excessive cost 
but for the latter we may have to wait for a long time. 
The pharyngeal bones of the principal European genera of 
Cyprinids have been well illustrated by Dr. Victor Fatio in his ex- 
cellent work on the fishes of Switzerland and these have been repro- 
duced for the present article. 
On or behind the palate is an apparatus against which the pharyn- 
geal teeth work in the tearing and mastication of the ingested food. 
