224 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [voL. 48 
The ovaries were so filled with ova that there seemed to be no room 
for anything else but in the testes there were found, on micro- 
scopical examination, along with the usual elements of that organ, 
certain spherical bodies which Lonnberg thought might be young 
eggs. The summary of his investigation, therefore, was as follows: 
“t, The supernumerary genital orifices on the third pair of legs 
of the male Parastacus hassleri and those on the fifth pair of legs 
of the female are closed. 
“2. Both sexes can be distinguished on an examination of the 
outer parts. 
“3, In both sexes a pair of supernumerary genital ducts (thus 
four in all) are present corresponding to those of the opposite sex. 
“4. It seems at least possible that the male generative gland con- 
tains female elements (eggs) although I do not think it probable 
that these can be fully developed, still less be of propagative use. 
“Thus it may be said that in Parastacus hassleri a partial herma- 
phroditism is prevailing, but male and female organs are not func- 
tionary in the same individual, neither are ripe elements of both 
sexes produced by the same specimen.” 
Lonnberg further states that his investigations of abnormal spec- 
imens of Astacus astacus, with first abdominal appendages resem- 
bling those of the male but with genital aperatures on the third pair 
of legs, show these to be invariably females with no trace of herma- 
phroditism in the internal organs, a conclusion which agrees with 
that of Bergendal.* 
In the light of Lonnberg’s conclusion that the condition of partial 
hermaphroditism in P. hassleri probably exemplifies the condition to 
be found in other species of the genus, an examination has been 
made of the specimens of P. hassleri, P. defossus, P. saffordi and P. 
varicosus in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. In the 
first three species there is found only one pair of actual openings, 
as Lonnberg has described above, but in P. varicosus there seem 
to be two pairs. It may be that in the latter case one pair only is 
natural and the other has been made by a needle in the hands 
of some investigator, but if so I am quite unable to distinguish 
which is the natural and which the artificial opening. It is very 
easy indeed to break through the shell at either of the points men- 
tioned in any of the species, more easy perhaps in P. defossus and 
P. saffordi than in P. hassleri, as the apex of the tubercle on the 
fifth pair of legs is membranous only and the depressed operculum- 
like area on the third pair of legs is thin. 
*Bihang K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., xiv, 1888, and xv, 1889. 
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