GILL] NOTEWORTHY EXTRA-EUROPEAN CYPRINIDS 299 
_even seven, while the American representatives, with one exception 
(Orthodon microlepidotus) have only four or five. 
- Still another interesting coincidence is the development of barbels. 
The majority of the old world Cyprinids have two pairs of well 
developed supramaxillary barbels, while not one of the indigenous 
American species has as many and when barbels are developed in 
a single pair they are usually very small and even may be said to be 
obsolete. 
The great majority of the American Cyprinids, as already indi- 
cated, belong to the same great group (Leuciscines) as the 
majority of the European, and have the same kind of lips, pharyn- 
geal teeth, alimentary canal, and dorsal and ventral fins. No dis- 
tinction can be maintained between them and the Abramidines or 
breams. Indeed so little difference is manifest between them that 
an eminent ichthyologist on one occasion mistook for a variety of 
the American bream or common shiner (Abramis or Notemigonus 
chrysoleucas) a fish which he afterwards ascertained to be an escaped 
individual of the English Rudd. This case gives an example of the 
closeness of observation which is requisite to properly determine 
the species of the family. 
Only a few of the more common or otherwise noteworthy species 
can be noticed here. 
First some of the eastern Leuciscines may be considered. 
ATLANTIC AND GULF SLOPE CYPRINIDS 
The most characteristic American genus, so far at least as num- 
ber of species goes, is one now generally named Notropis and com- 
prising a large number of species (about a hundred) mostly con- 
founded under the general designation of minnows. In common 
with a number of other American genera it has a main row of only 
four teeth on each pharyngeal bone, and sometimes only those four, 
but in most of the species there is a second row of one or two 
teeth; most of these are of the “prehensile” or “ hooked” type 
(Greifzahne Heckel called them), and have either a very nar- 
row grinding surface or none at all; the jaws have thin lips 
and no barbels, and the scales are rather large. Such is the 
“genus” as recognized by Jordan and Evermann, but their ar- 
rangement must be regarded as only provisional. They admit a 
number of sections or subgenera—a dozen—and several are worthy 
of notice. 
_ The typical section—Notropis proper—has scales loosely im- 
bricated and of regular form, and the teeth are in two rows (2, 4— 
