DALL] REVIEW OF AMERICAN VOLUTID&. 343 
in this case is exceptionally long) is free and recurved. In Adelo- 
melon the appendix is short and hardly distinguishable from the 
body of the verge, being papilliform, as is also the case in Aurinia 
gouldiana. The seminal conduit in the majority of cases is an open 
groove which may be partly closed in some species by small inter- 
lacing papillz situated on its outer edges. In several cases, however, 
it is a closed conduit, opening near the proximal end of the appendix. 
The cesophageal cecum in the majority of Volutidz is present 
and conspicuous, but in a few forms it appears to be absent. 
The radula in general comprises a long series of single teeth (103 
were counted in Volutomitra) of rhachiglossate type. Volutocorbis 
and Ternivoluta alone are definitely known to possess also a series 
of single-cusped laterals on each side of the rhachidian tooth. The 
great majority of species of Volutes have the rhachidian tooth tri- 
cuspid with strong, nearly straight cusps; Adelomelon ancilla has 
the cusps strongly arcuate, while A. magellanica has flat cusps. In 
Tractolira and Miomelon the cusps are tusk-like. Voluta has the 
rhachidian wide with many small denticles, but Lyria has it tricus- 
pid. Scaphella Turneri and Volutomitra have the base strongly 
arcuate and carry a single straight cusp, as does Halia priamus. 
The ovicapsules are hemispherical, or flatter, in Adelomelon, 
except A. brasiliana which is believed to have a subspherical float- 
ing capsule buoyed up by an enclosed air bubble. In the other 
species the capsule is attached by its flat side to a stone or dead 
bivalve shell and contains five to ten embryos swimming in a viscid 
transparent fluid. Nothing is yet known of the capsule of most of 
the species. 
The surface of the animal is often brightly colored, even in the 
case of forms which have dull shells like Adelomelon, but the abyssal 
species are usually colorless. 
The mantle in the majority of species is not extensible over the 
shell but in Zidona of the Caricelline, and Scaphella (= Amoria 
Gray) of the Volutine, the entire shell is sometimes covered with 
enamel and destitute of a periostracum as in Oliva. It is probable 
that the same is true of Awrinia dubia, and many fossil groups like 
Liopeplum have heavy superficial coats of enamel thus deposited. 
The proboscis is partly invertible and wholly retractile. 
The subfamilies of the Volutidz are provisionally accepted as 
follows: 
Subfamily VoLuTINz. 
Shell with the protoconch shelly and persistent, the adult usually 
elegantly colored; animal with the eyes sessile on epipodial lappets ; 
