STEJ NEGER] ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF NORWAY 461 
such as the red deer, the tundra reindeer, the variable hare, the - 
ermine, the Norwegian lemming, the ptarmigan, etc., invaded west- 
ern Norway from Scotland on a land bridge across the North Sea. 
There was no opportunity then for going more into detail, but my 
reference to Sharff’s map (Hist. Europ. Fauna, 1899, p. 156) 
roughly indicated this land connection as affecting only the northern 
portion of the North Sea. Since then I have occasionally referred 
to this theory in papers on the geographical distribution of the 
dippers (Cinclus),' and on the identity of the so-called Celtic horse 
(Equus celticus) with the west Norwegian pony.” 
At the time of first making this theory public I also suggested 
that a certain element of the west Norwegian population “ which 
holds the extreme west coast to almost the identical extent as the 
red deer’? came to western Norway by “the North Sea bridge, 
either yet intact or only broken to the extent of furnishing stepping 
stones.’’* 
This theory of mine respecting the origin of part of the west 
Norway fauna received considerable support from a theory bearing 
on the origin of the west Norwegian “ Atlantic” flora propounded 
by Dr. Andreas M. Hansen in his remarkable book “ Landnaam i 
Norge” (Kristiania, 1904). On pp. 293 to 298 he attempts to 
prove that these “ Atlantic’ plants which are now so characteristic 
of and mostly confined to the west Norwegian coast north of 
Stavanger are of “interglacial” age, that they came from the 
west, and that they survived the neoglacial stage* on a glacier-free 
border land skirting the western and northern coast of Norway. 
Professor N. Wille has quite recently (1905) as will be noted 
more in detail further on (p. 486) accepted this theory for a por- 
tion of the so-called “ Arctic” flora. 
Hansen, however, does not mention the theory already published 
by me, which has so many points in common with his own. Alto- 
*SmitHson. Misc. Coir. (Quart. Issue), XLviI, pt. 4, 1905, p. 420. 
? Naturen (Bergen), 1904, p. 166. 
*Mr. Helliesen, curator of the museum in Stavanger, Norway, made a 
similar suggestion a few months later. In Stavanger Museums’ Aarshefte 
for 1900 (published after May 9, 1901), pp. 57-60, he describes a paleolithic 
“kitchenmidden ” from Jzederen, and concludes by saying: “ From this oldest 
stone age people is probably descended the present brachycephalic race which 
is found especially in western Norway. It probably arrived in the country 
over the sea from Jutland or Scotland.” 
* By this term he understands the phase of the glaciations of the peninsula, 
which the Scandinavian glaciologists generally call the “second,” or “last,” 
glaciation. By “megaglacial stage” he designates their “ first,” or maximum, 
glaciation. 
