STEJNEGER] ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF NORWAY 479 
southern Sweden. Another probably came from the northeast over 
Finland and northwestern Russia, the last remnants being found in 
a small herd in West Finmark. Finally, the distribution of the 
fossil remains of the barren-ground form in Ireland and Britain 
and the occurrence of this form in Norway make it probable that 
this species also reached the latter country from the west. It will 
be noted that I use very vague expressions. The fact is that no 
critical studies of the various “herds” in this region and of the 
fossil remains from the adjacent countries have ever been made? 
It is always taken for granted that the Scandinavian reindeer is a 
homogeneous, monophyletic species, and even the skeletons and 
skulls of tame Lapp reindeer have been used for comparison without 
reservation, notwithstanding the possibility that the latter may 
represent a fourth, probably Siberian race comparatively recently 
introduced by the Lapps. The whole question, moreover, has been 
made extremely intricate by the mixing and hybridizing of the 
“herds.” Thus the northern, or Finmark, herd has been in contact 
with the Lapp tame reindeer for centuries and is probably greatly 
mixed in consequence. Of late years immense flocks of the same 
kind of tame reindeer have been introduced on the western plateau 
of southern Norway with the result that pure-bred wild reindeer are 
getting to be scarce. 
Finally a word about the mammoth (Elephas primtgenius) which ~ 
plays such a conspicuous role in pleistocene history. A single 
small molar of this animal has been found among the gravel in 
the bed of a stream at Skjervaszeter, in Vaage (Brogger, Norge i 19 
Aarhundr., 1, 1900, p. 23, fig. 24), the only find of this kind in Nor- 
way. Brogger regards this as evidence of an ice-free interglacial 
*Hansen (Landn. Norge, 1904, p. 291) speaks of the reindeer found fossil 
in south Sweden as resembling the ‘“‘ American variety” [woodland caribou? ] 
and not their “relatives farther north” in Scandinavia. Professor Holst, 
however, writes me as follows: “The antlers of the reindeer are regarded 
here [in Stockholm] as useless in the diagnosing of any definite varieties. 
Such horns are not seldom found in Scania under the peat in the late-glacial 
clay or ‘gyttja... The museum of the Swedish Geological Survey possesses 
a multitude of such horns (cast off) and I myself have collected a consid- 
erable number. I have been able to demonstrate that cylindric and palmate 
forms occur together, and Professor A. J. E. Lonnberg has told me that in 
the collections from east Greenland he has found plainly cylindric and de- 
cidedly palmate forms mixed among the horns of the now-existing east 
Greenland reindeer. It is therefore scarcely likely that definite results with 
regard to the various varieties of reindeer will be reached until skulls shall 
be forthcoming.” 
